【作者】 张安毅；

【导师】 宁金成；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 民商法学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 近年来我国公司捐赠在实践中得到了迅猛发展,然而在公司捐赠的热潮背后,有许多问题诸如公司捐赠引发的利益冲突如何得到妥当协调、公司捐赠行为的妥当性判断标准如何确立、如何约束经营者在公司捐赠中的行为等需要冷静思考。本文的基本思路是,应以理性分析公司捐赠的正当性基础和行为属性、合理解释公司捐赠与公司营利性的关系为前提,科学设计公司捐赠法律规制制度。全文共分为九部分：第一部分为导论。介绍了公司捐赠法律规制问题的缘起,本文的研究目的、研究进路以及本课题的研究现状等,并对本文主要概念、研究范畴进行界定。理论上我国不宜承认公司政治捐赠、宗教捐赠的合法性,因此本文仅研究公司的慈善公益捐赠；本文的主要目的在于完善公司捐赠治理制度,因此主要从公司法规制视角探讨公司捐赠的法律规制问题。第二部分论述公司捐赠法律规制的必要性与现状。近年来公司社会责任运动的发展和公司慈善战略理论的应用,使得公司捐赠得到蓬勃发展。然而公司捐赠存在着损害利益相关者利益的风险,对公司捐赠进行法律规制,源于公司捐赠中的代理问题、利益冲突需要法律干预。公司捐赠在各国司法和立法上都经历了从不承认其合法性,到逐渐承认其有效合法的过程,对公司捐赠各国立法既有鼓励措施也有约束制度。从我国《公益事业捐赠法》来看,我国承认公司具有捐赠的能力,但《公司法》并没有针对公司捐赠问题作出规定。我国《公司法》的社会责任条款是一个模糊性、倡导性规定,并不能用来规制公司捐赠的决策等具体问题。第三部分分析公司捐赠法律规制的基础理论。公司捐赠在本质上属于公司自治的事项,公司也可以在章程中对捐赠决策等问题进行规定,但公司自治的失灵问题提出了法律规制公司捐赠行为的需求。公司治理中的两权分离和委托代理理论,为公司捐赠法律规制提出了明确的任务,也为公司捐赠法律规制奠定了制度设计的出发点。对公司捐赠的行为属性作出符合实践和理论逻辑的定性,是对公司捐赠行为进行科学规制的前提。企业公民理论提出,一个好的企业公民应积极从事社会公益事业,基于此公司社会责任理论认为公司进行慈善公益捐赠是履行社会责任、以促进社会慈善公益事业为目的利他性行为。然而现实中大部分公司从事捐赠活动是因为捐赠能够为公司带来长期或短期利益,捐赠日益成为一项公司为谋取自身利益而采取的经营战略行动。尽管实践中不乏利他性捐赠,但大部分公司捐赠属于践行企业战略的行为,这是公司捐赠的常态。理论上对公司捐赠行为属性的不同认识,决定了不同性质的公司捐赠有不同的治理模式和行为目标,在法律规制上应有的不同应对措施。而一个基本问题是公司董事等经营者在公司治理中基于股东受托人的地位无权决策以促进慈善公益事业为目标的利他性捐赠。第四部分为公司捐赠法律规制的目标与框架。法律规制公司捐赠的目标是为了弥补公司在捐赠中的自治缺陷、高效率的妥当协调公司捐赠中的利益冲突、实现公司捐赠的制度化和规范化。具体来说,公司捐赠的法律规制包括对公司捐赠决策的法律规制、公司捐赠中董事义务与信息披露的法律规制、公司瑕疵捐赠救济的法律规制等。第五部分论述公司捐赠决策的法律规制。作为经营战略的公司捐赠应由公司董事会决策,也只有经营者能够胜任企业战略决策。实践中董事会可在自己的职权范围内授权公司经理层在一定范围内决策公司捐赠。在公司股东一致同意的情况下,才可以决议纯粹利他性的公司捐赠,当然实践中这只在有限责任公司、发起设立的非上市股份公司较具可操作性。股东决策的公司捐赠,只要不损害债权人利益,其数额决策等问题应留由股东自治。对董事会决策的公司捐赠的约束,上世纪末美国在司法判例中确立了捐赠数额确定的“合理性”标准。但“合理性”标准运用的前提是认为公司捐赠会损害公司股东利益,其目的是平衡股东利益与社会公益之间的冲突。现代公司的战略性捐赠旨在促进公司的经营,这种决策的经营战略性质决定了其妥当性判断应引入经营判断规则。第六部分论述公司捐赠中董事义务的法律规制。本文以董事为例论述公司经营管理层在公司捐赠中的义务,董事在公司捐赠中的义务同样适用于公司监事、高级管理人员。公司社会责任理论提出,董事不应仅仅是股东的受托人,董事有权利和义务履行公司社会责任,践行慈善公益事业。但如果董事有权追求社会慈善公益事业,慈善公益目标的模糊性将导致董事的权力难以受到约束,而且这违背了董事在公司治理中的义务。两权分离下董事只能以公司利益为出发点进行捐赠。董事在公司捐赠中对公司负有忠实和勤勉义务,应以公司利益最大化为自己的行动指南。第七部分论述公司捐赠信息披露的法律规制。依据信息披露的重大性标准和商业秘密保护规则,基于股东知情权保护与有效资本市场理论,并考虑公司具有自愿披露相关信息的动机、公司相关利益群体对公司捐赠信息有一定需求的现实,我国的公司捐赠信息披露模式应是强制性信息披露与自愿性披露相结合,并允许特殊信息豁免公开披露。公司重大的捐赠会对公司经营产生重大影响,其风险性并不亚于公司的重大投资行为,因此公司重大的捐赠中能够影响理性投资者决策的信息应予以强制披露,除此外的捐赠信息属于公司自愿披露范畴。在信息披露方式上上市公司与非上市公司应有不同的要求。第八部分论述公司瑕疵捐赠救济的法律规制。公司捐赠的决策执行以及捐赠合同都不免会出现违背相关法律法规或公司章程规定的情形,导致出现有瑕疵的公司捐赠而损害公司、股东、债权人的利益,因此需要赋予相关主体相应的救济权利。第九部分为全文结论及立法建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years company donation has developed swiftly and violently in practice in our country, however in this context there are many problems need calm thinking such as how to properly coordinate interest conflict initiated by company donation, how to establish the standard of appropriateness judgement of corporate donation and how to restrict manager’s behavior in corporate donation and so on. In this paper the basic train of thought is that the premise to scientific design company donation’s legal regulation system is to have a rational analysis of corporate donation’s legitimacy basis and behavioral attributes and a reasonable explanation of relationship between corporate donations and corporate profit.The full text is divided into nine parts:The first part is introduction. This part introduces the origin of company donation legal regulation, research purpose, research methods and the research status and so on, at the same time define the main concepts and research fields in this paper. The legitimacy of political donations, religious donations should not be admitted in theory in our country, therefore this article only studies the company’s charitable donation. The main purpose of this paper is to improve the company donation government system, therefore this paper discusses corporate donation legal regulation mainly from the angle of company law regulation.The second part discusses the necessity and status of company donation legal regulation. In recent years the corporation social responsibility movement’s development and corporate philanthropy strategy theory’s application lead to the flourishingly development of company donation. However the company donation has the risk to damage the interests of stakeholders. The legal regulation of corporate donation originates from the fact that the agency problem, interest conflict in company donation need legal intervention. The company donation experiences the process that from never admitting its legitimacy to gradually recognizing its effective and legitimate in the judicial and legislative in other countries, and there have incentives and constrained system in company donation legislation in other countries. Our country admit company has the ability to donate from our country" public welfare donation law", but the "company law" does not make a provision in the light of company donation problem. The company social responsibility clause in China’s "company law" is a fuzzy, advocacy provision, and cannot be used for the regulation of corporate donation specific issues such as the decision of corporate donation and so on.The third part analysis the basic theory of legal regulation of corporate donation. The company donation belongs to company autonomous matters in essence, and the company can also stipulate donation issues such as decision making in the constitution. However the company autonomous failure problem puts forward the demand for legal regulation of company donation. Corporate governance’s two powers separation and the principal-agent theory put forward the clear task for the company donation legal regulation, and also lay the starting point for the company donation legal regulation system design. The premise to scientific regulate company donation conduct is to make the qualitative of company donation behavior attribute according with practice and theory logic. Corporate citizenship theory put forward a good corporate citizen should be actively engaged in social welfare undertakings. Based on this theory corporate social responsibility theory believes that company charitable donation is the altruism behavior to fulfill their social responsibilities with the purpose to promote the social charity and public welfare. However in reality most companies engaged in donation activity because donation can bring long-term or short-term interests, and donation is increasingly becoming a business strategic action adopt by companies to seek their own interests. Although in practice there are some donations with the goal to promote the interests of others, most company donations belong to the practice of enterprise strategy, and this is donation’s normal state. The different understanding of corporate donation behavioral attributes in theory decided that corporate donation with different attributes has different governance patterns and behavior target and has different measures in the legal regulation. But a basic problem is that the board of directors of the company and other managers haven’t right to decide donations benefit others with the goal to promote the charity based on their position of shareholder’s trustee in corporate governance.The fourth part is goal and frame of company donation legal regulation. The goals of legal regulation of corporate donation is to compensate for the company autonomous defects in the donation, coordinate the interest conflicts in company donation efficiently and properly, achieve the institutionalization and standardization of company donation. Specifically, the company donation legal regulation includes the legal regulation of company donation decision-making, directors’ obligation and information disclosure’s legal regulation in corporate donations and the legal regulation of company defects donation relief and so on.The fifth part discusses the legal regulation of corporate donation decision. As a business strategy the company donation should be decided by the board of directors of company, and only the operator can be competent for the strategic decisions of enterprises. In practice, the board of directors may within their own powers authorized company director layer to decide corporate donation in a certain range. Corporate donation purely benefits others can be decided in the circumstances that all the shareholders agree, of course in practice this is more maneuverability in limited liability company and non-listed companies established in initiate mode. The amount decision and other problem of company donation decided by shareholder should be reserved by the shareholders autonomy so as not to damage the interests of creditors. At the end of the last century the United States of America in the judicial precedent established" rationality" standard of the amount determine of donation for the bound of corporate donation decided by the board of directors. But the premise of the use of "rationality" standards is the understanding that company donation will damage the shareholders, and its purpose is to balance the interest conflict between the shareholders and the public interest. The modern company’s strategic donation is to promote the management of the company, and the nature of management strategy of this kind of decision-making determined that it’s appropriateness judgment should be introduced into the business judgment rule.The sixth part discusses the legal regulation of director obligation in the company donation. This paper takes board as an example to discusses the company management’s obligation in company donation, and the director’s obligation in the company donation applies company supervisors, senior management personnel. Corporate social responsibility theory puts forward that the director is not only the shareholder’s trustees and the board has the right and obligation to perform corporate social responsibility, practicing charity. But if the director have right to pursue social charity and public interest, the ambiguity of charity and public interest goal will lead to the director’s powers not to be bound. This also is contrary to the directors obligations in corporate governance. Directors can only implement company donation with the starting point of company interests in the two powers separation conditions. Director bears the loyalty and diligence duty in corporate donation for company, and should take company interest s maximize as their own action guide.The seventh part discusses the legal regulation of information disclosure of corporate donation. Based on the significant standards of information disclosure and commercial secret protection rules, shareholders’ right to know protection and capital market effective theory, and considering the company’s motivation to disclose related information voluntarily, the company stakeholder’s reality needs for company donation information, company donation information disclosure mode should be the combination of mandatory and voluntary information disclosure in our country, and allow special information exempt from public disclosure. Major company donations may has major effect on company manages, and its risk is not less than the company’s major investment, so the information which can influence the rational investor decision-making in company significant donations should be mandatory disclosure. The other company donation information belongings to the company voluntary disclosure category. On the information disclosure mode the listed companies and non-listed companies should be different requirements.The eighth part discusses the legal regulation of the relief of company flaw donation. The company donation’s decision and perform as well as donation contract will inevitably violate the relevant laws and regulations or the articles of association of the company, and lead to the emergence of flawed corporate donations and damage the company, shareholders, creditor’s interest. Thus we should endow the related subjects corresponding relief rights. The ninth part is the conclusion of the article and the legislative proposals.更多还原