【作者】 孙自俭；

【导师】 朱英；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 社会史， 2012， 博士

【副题名】以国有铁路工人为中心（1912-1937）

【摘要】 中国近代铁路工人是伴随着铁路的修筑、运营产生的,从职业上而言,铁路工人除了农民和手工业者之外,还有来自其它行业的技术工人、没有固定职业的城市居民和学生；从地域上而言,非技术工人以河北、山东、河南等省为主要来源,技术工人大多来自广东、上海、福州、天津等地区。民国初年,铁路工人就有五六万人,其中,以20-30岁者最多,此后,铁路工人的数目在不断增多,到20世纪30年代,各种铁路工人总数已达23万之多,铁路工人的年龄结构也趋于合理化。铁路工人文盲人数多,教育程度较低。铁路工人的工作种类多种多样,根据铁路工人的管理部门、工作场所、技术程度和雇用性质,可以把他们分为不同的类别。铁路工人,工作性质不同,工作时间、工作环境也有差异。南京国民政府时期,实行了8小时工作制,但只限于铁路工厂工人。与其它行业工人相比,铁路工人的工作时间相对较少。民国时期,铁路的设备落后、管理的混乱和政治的动荡不安,铁路工人在工作中有诸多风险,主要有行车事变、盗匪抢劫、军事人员的横行和铁路施工中的风险。在铁路工人的收入中,工资是最重要的组成部分。各铁路由于营业状况不同,工人的工资也高低不等,整体上随着社会的发展,铁路工人的工资也在不断的增长。铁路工人人数众多,收入高低不等,他们的生活状况也差别较大。一般而言,家庭收入较高,其生活程度就比较优越,反之,则生活比较困难。但同时,工人的家庭负担程度,各地的物价和风俗习惯对铁路工人的生活状况也产生重要影响。民国时期,铁路工人交往的对象主要是同为铁路工人的亲戚、朋友及其同乡,其婚姻同传统的婚姻已有所不同,体现了一定现代性,铁路工人由于卫生条件较差,得病者较多,各铁路都设有医院,工人可免费医治。娱乐在工人的生活中必不可少,工人受收入所限,大多选择花费少、甚至不花钱的娱乐项目。民国时期,铁路工人的组织主要有工会和员工消费合作社,前者是一工人改善自己地位的政治性、经济性组织,后者乃纯粹经济性组织。北洋时期,各铁路相继组建工会,1924年成立了全国铁路总工会,各工会之间互相支持,互相配合,为谋取工人的整体利益做出了重要贡献。20世纪30年代,南京国民政府为发展铁路事业,改善铁路员工的生活,大力推行铁路员工消费合作事业。各铁路员工消费合作社相继成立,并取得了一定的成效：扩大了合作社的规模,增加了营业利润,改善了社员的生活,传播了合作思想。铁路工人人数众多,且组织力强,民国时期的主政者,为了巩固其统治,有时采取措施来扶助工人。国家政权从宏观上对铁路工人的管理,主要是通过法律、法规管理,组织管理,思想教化等手段来进行的,此外,国民党和国民政府还发动新生活运动,来影响铁路工人的衣食住行。民国时期,铁路工人在日常生活中感受到国家政权及主要政治力量对其生活的影响,进而表现出对国家政权及主要政治力量的态度。整体而言,铁路工人人数多,组织程度高,力量大：种类多,工资收入差距大,整体待遇较优；绝少女工,较少14岁以下的童工,年龄结构趋于合理；有很强的爱国意识。铁路工人群体是随着近代铁路交通事业的发展而出现的,其本身也是社会变迁的产物,他们的发展和壮大又进一步促进了社会变迁。更多还原

【Abstract】 Along with the construction and operation of railway, Chinese railway workers occur. From the occupation character, railway workers in addition to the fanners and handicraftsmen, also from other industry technical workers, there is no fixed occupation of the city residents and students; from the region, unskilled workers in Hebei, Shandong, Henan Province as the main source of technology workers, mostly from Guangdong, Shanghai, Fuzhou, Tianjin etc. area. The early years of the Republic, the railroad workers have fifty thousand or sixty thousand people, among them,20-30 years most, since then, the number of railway workers in the growing, until the nineteen thirties, a variety of railway workers a total of more than 230000, a railway worker age structure tends to be reasonable. The railroad workers with lower education levels, the number of illiterates.The railway workers working range, according to railway workers and management, workplace, technical level and employment properties, they can be divided into different categories. The railway workers, the nature of the work, working time, the working environment there are differences. During the period of Nanjing national government, execute 8 hours of duty, but only railway factory workers. And other industry workers, railroad workers have less time. The period of the Republic of China, railway equipment is backward, management confusion and political turbulent, railway workers in the work of a lot of risk, are the main traffic incident, the bandits robbed, military personnel in rows and railway construction risk.In the railway workers’ income, salary is the most important part of. The railway due to different business situation, the wages of the workers also unequal height, on the whole with the development of society, railway workers is increasing. A large number of railway workers, income level, their living conditions are different. In general, higher family income, the life degree is more advantageous, conversely, is the life is more difficult. But at the same time, workers from the family burden, around the price and customs to the railway workers living conditions also produce main effect. The period of the Republic of China, railway workers association is the main target for railroad workers with relatives, friends and fellow, the marriage with the traditional marriage has been different, reflecting certain modernity, railway workers due to poor sanitary conditions, sick person more, the railway has a hospital, workers can be free to heal. Entertainment in the lives of the workers in the essential, workers affected by income limits, most choose to spend less, even without spending money on entertainment.The period of the Republic of China, railway workers’ organizations are mainly trade unions and employees consumer cooperatives, the former is a workers to improve their status in the political, economic organization, the latter is purely economic organization. During the period, each railroad in succession to establish trade unions, in 1924 established the National Railway Employees General Union, the union between mutual support, mutual cooperation, to seek the overall interests of workers to make important contribution. Nineteen thirties, Nanjing national government for the development of railway enterprise, improve railway employees’ life, vigorously promote the railway employees consumer’s cooperative. The railway employees consumer cooperatives have been established, and achieved certain results:expanded the dimensions of cooperation, increase profits, improve the life members, spread the cooperation thought.The railway workers in large numbers, and a strong organization, during the period of Republic of China in charge, in order to consolidate their rule, sometimes to take measures to help the workers. State power control of railway workers, mainly through the law, regulations, organization control, ideological indoctrination and other means to undertake, in addition, Kuomintang and the national government also launched the new life movement, to control the basic necessities of life of workers. The period of the Republic of China, railway workers in daily life feel the state power and the main political forces on their life, and demonstrate for the state regime and the main political attitude.Overall, the number of railway workers, a high degree of organization, power big; variety, wage income gap big, overall treatment better; few women under the age of 14, less labor, age structure tends reasonable; have a strong sense of patriotism. The railway workers group is with the modern railway transportation development and the emergence of, which itself is a product of the development of society, their development and growth and to further promote the social change.更多还原