【作者】 刘彦波；

【导师】 刘伟；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 本文以晚清州县行政为研究对象,借助社会学、政治学和心理学的理论为分析工具,以州县政府职能为基本框架和主线,分析晚清两湖地区州县行政运作和演变,包括司法职能的变动、社会治安管理模式的演变等。厘清两湖地区州县变革的具体情形,及其对州县行政的影响,并作出合理的解释。本文主体部分为六章,每章基本内容提要如下：第一章：从典章制度、文本规定的角度出发,勾勒了清代的地方行政体制和州县行政治理结构一般模式、特征,及清代州县行政内容和州县行政在国家社会治理中的重要地位,并介绍了两湖地区州县设置情况。第二章：结合两湖地区的情形,阐述了晚清州县征收的赋税类别、地丁征解程序和州县地丁征收的弊病,以及太平天国时期针对地丁漕粮征收的弊端所进行的改革及影响。第三章：本章主要分析州县司法。首先从制度文本的规定性说明了州县的司法权责和州县审判在清代司法体系中的地位,然后论述了在社会动荡的背景下,两湖地区督抚所采取的主要政策和措施,分析了州县实施就地正法分的操作程序。晚清时期教案剧增,民教冲突的查明和处理是州县行政的重要任务。教案既是内政又牵涉到外交,所以为避免遭受惩处,州县官采取多种措施保护教堂和教士。州县官处理教案纠纷有三种类型,他们有着两难处境和矛盾心理。最后阐述了清末竟的两湖司法改革。第四章：论述了晚清基层社会治安管理模式从保甲、团练到警察制度的演变。在大规模农民起义的冲击、两湖基层政权的失控的情况下,两湖团练大规模兴办,分析了团练兴办后的绅权扩张及原因。同光时期,清政府不断发布整顿保甲和团练的上谕,但州县往往视为具文,到清朝末年,面对地方治安机构已基本趋于瘫痪的情形,清政府试图通过警察制度的创办,建立起一套新的地方治安体系,本章阐释了州县警政在两湖兴办的概况、职能及其影响。第五章：两湖地区由于特殊的地理环境,晚清时期水灾频发,危害极大,因此,修堤防险、疏浚河道、兴修水利就成为州县政府与乡村社会共同关心的问题。本章以《襄堤成案》所载天门知县邵世恩修堤资料为例,来分析堤工的修筑、管理和维护以及经费筹集等问题；又以李輈《牧沔纪略》所载疏浚柴林河为例,分析了州县政府在治河中所采取的措施和办法,并阐述了了为防止绅士在堤工中的牟利所采取的改革措施。第六章：20世纪初,清政府颁行了若干州县的行政改革措施,既包括裁汰胥吏和差役、设置佐治各官、改革对州县官的考核制度和任用制度、设立初级审判厅等属于传统性整治吏治的分散措施,也包括“预备立宪”开始后对州县行政进行整体性改革,这种整体性改革既包括健全州县行政组织和机制,建立乡镇一级国家行政,也包括建立地方自治机构。本章勾勒了清末新政时期的这些改革措施及其在两湖地区实施概况,分析了其对州县行政和治理模式带来的巨大影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation focuses on the county-level administration in late Qing Dynasty. By means of sociological, political and psychological theories, with the function of county as the basic frame and theme, the author analyses the operation and evolution of Hubei and Hunan Provinces of late Qing Dynasty, such as the functional change of jurisdiction and the change of administrative pattern of social security, and so on, identifies the specific situation of county-level evolution of Hubei and Hunan Provinces and its effects on county administration, and offers some sound explanations about the changes. This dissertation falls into six sections as follows:The first section starts from institutions and written ordains, describes local administrative system and the general pattern and features of county-level governance structure, the administrative content and the important role of county administration in state social governance of Qing Dynasty, and introduces the settings of county of Hubei and Hunan Provinces.The second section analyses the tax categories, taxation procedures of land-poll tax, the disadvantages of county-level land-poll tax collection, and the reform of land-poll tax and tribute grain of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and its relevant effects.The third section is mainly about county-level jurisdiction. Based on the prescriptions of written institutions, the author explains the legal rights and responsibilities of county and the role of county-level trial in the whole legal system of Qing Dynasty. Then, the author analyses the policies and solutions made by governors and procurators of Hubei and Hunan Provinces under the background of social turmoil and the operation procedures of summary execution. In late Qing Dynasty, the foreign church-related cases piles up, so the investigation and disposal of the conflict between people and church becomes part of local officials’job. Church-related cases are both domestic and foreign affairs, and county-level officials usually take measures to protect church and priests to evade punishment. The author analyses three categories of the disposal of such conflicts operated by county-level officials, the dilemma that they face and their conflicting psychology. In the end, the author illustrates the unfinished jurisdiction reform of late Qing Dynasty.The fourth section focuses on the change of security pattern ranging from bao-jia system, civil corps and police system of local society of late Qing Dynasty. Because of the impact of large-scale peasant uprising and the loss of control of basic-level regime in Hubei and Hunan Provinces, civil corps developed very soon. The author investigates the reason why squirearch’s power became larger. During the reign of Emperor Tongzhi and Guangxu, the central government incessantly issue ordains to rectify civil corps and bao-jia which are ignored by county-level officials. So, till late Qing Dynasty, the central government attempted to establish a new local security system by adopting police system. The author illustrates the general situation, function and effects of county-level police system in Hubei and Hunan Provinces.The fifth section is about social problems such as embankment, river dredging, and water conservancy projects. Based on the dike-building operated by the magistrate of Tianmen County Shao Shien recorded in "the construction of Xiang Dike", the author analyses the construction, management and fund-raising questions, the measures and solutions taken by county administration, and the reform measures against squirearch’s corruption during the course of dike-building.The sixth section mainly focuses on administrative reform in late Qing Dynasty. In the early twenty-first century, the central government issued several administrative reform measures on the county level, which include not only reducing redundant inferior officials, setting assistants, reforming the examination and appointment rules of county-level officials, setting primary court, but also the holistic reform of county administration since "preparing constitutionalism" period. The author outlined the implementation of the above reforms carried out in late Qing Dynasty and their great influences on county administration and governance pattern.更多还原