【作者】 刘艳茹；

【导师】 慈勤英；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 社会学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 1999年高校扩大招生政策的实施,使得高等教育从精英模式转变为大众模式,大学本科招生数量激增；与此同时,从1997年开始,国家彻底结束对大专院校毕业生的统一分配,大学毕业生的就业过程完全过渡到由劳动力市场来主导,大学毕业生的就业政策由“国家分配”完全转变为“自谋职业”、“双向选择”等。大学招生规模短期内的迅速扩张与就业政策的市场化转变共同导致大学毕业生就业形势日趋严峻。严峻的就业形势使得大学毕业生,特别是应届大学毕业生的就业无法完全通过正式制度来满足,为社会资本在大学毕业生就业过程中的运作提供了空间。从社会资本角度出发,在相同的教育水平下,社会资本的使用将对大学毕业生职业地位的获得起到一定的决定作用。有的学者指出,阶层背景对个体地位获得上的影响越来越重要,大学毕业生谁拥有的社会资本多,谁在就业中就会处于比较优势,这已经成为一个不争的事实。因为对大部分的大学毕业生来说,他们在大学接受的是相同的教育,享有同等的教育资源,其专业能力应该没有很大的差距,那么仅仅一个特殊的就业机会,就可能改变他们的一生,通过好的职业地位实现人生的向上流动。目前,关于大学生就业问题的研究有很多,大部分研究将问题的出发点定位在教育体制和就业市场的供求结构上,从宏观角度着重分析大学毕业生就业市场的供求规模与结构的匹配程度,并试图通过相关政策制度的研究来探求解决大学毕业生就业困局的具体措施。与上述研究不同,本文在研究大学毕业生就业问题的过程中,以大学毕业生拥有的社会资本为研究出发点,从微观角度重点分析社会资本对大学生就业状况的影响过程,通过对大学毕业生社会行为和背景的研究,探讨影响大学毕业生就业状况的微观个体因素,并在此基础上,深入分析社会资本与大学毕业生就业状况间的结构关系。为了更好地研究社会资本对大学毕业生就业问题的影响关系,本文于2011年5月,分别在武汉和大连的6所高校针对应届本科毕业生进行问卷调查,最终获取1345份有效样本。基于问卷调查的相关数据,结合文献的综述研究,文章确定了社会资本和大学毕业生就业状况的相关表征指标,并对大学毕业生的就业状况和社会资本状况进行了描述性统计。在此基础上,本文对以下问题展开了深入研究：从地位结构观的角度出发,研究家庭社会经济地位对大学毕业生初次就业的直接影响,在此基础上,将后致因素(人力资本)纳入模型,研究两者交互作用对大学毕业生就业的影响。数据分析结果表明：一方面,家庭社会经济地位对大学毕业生的就业过程有正向和负向的双重影响,即对大学毕业生的求职信心有正向影响,但是对求职的努力程度在一定程度上有负向的影响；另一方面,通过建立结构方程模型,解析了家庭社会经济地位与大学毕业生职业地位获得之间的因果关系,数据分析结果证明,家庭社会经济地位对大学毕业生就业的质量有正向直接效应,且通过对人力资本的影响,对大学毕业生就业结果产生间接正向效应。从网络结构观的角度出发,本文研究了社会关系网络对大学毕业生初次就业的影响。首先,从社会关系网络的作用形式出发,研究强、弱关系在大学毕业生就业过程中的作用,证实了在大学毕业生的就业过程中强关系的凸显；其次,通过回归模型的建立,研究社会关系网络对大学毕业生能否就业的影响,即对大学毕业生就业的“量”的影响；最后,通过建立结构方程模型,解析了社会关系网络与职业地位获得之间的因果关系,数据分析结果表明,大学毕业生“拥有的”和“可能使用的”社会关系网络,对大学毕业生的就业满意度有显著正影响。地位结构观和网络结构观之间是互相补充的研究范式。鉴于此,本文将地位结构观和网络结构观结合起来,通过阶层分析的理论和测量方法与社会关系网络的分析方法和技术的结合,研究大学毕业生的家庭社会关系网络状况对就业的影响,研究结果表明：首先,基于家庭社会经济地位不同,强关系在大学毕业生就业过程中的作用形式不同；其次,通过研究家庭社会经济地位、家庭社会关系网络与大学毕业生就业质量的因果关系机制,提出家庭社会经济地位越高,社会关系网络越丰富,大学毕业生就业满意度就越高。更多还原

【Abstract】 The implementation of enrollment policies that expand the number Colleges and universities students in 1999 made higher education into the public mode from the elite mode, also a surge in the number of undergraduate enrollment. At the same time, the nation end the uniform distribution of tertiary graduates completely, university graduates employment policies transformed from uniform distribution into self-employment and two-way selection etc. The rapid expansion College admissions scale in short period and the market-oriented employment policy lead to university graduates employment situation worsening. Severe situation makes the employment of college graduates, especially graduating, can not meet through a formal system, and provides some space for the operation of social capital in the course of employment of university graduates.From the perspective of social capital, at the same level of education, social capital play a decisive role in the getting of occupational status of university graduates. Some scholars have pointed out that the class background has increasingly impact the individual status of university graduates, and the one who has social capital will have a comparative advantage in employment, which has become an indisputable fact. Because the majority of university graduates accepted the same education, have equal access to education resources, and their professional capacity should not has a big gap, so a special employment opportunities may change their life and achieve upward mobility of their life.At present, there are many studies on the Employment of College Students, most of the research locate in the education system and the structure of supply and demand in labor market, analyze the structure of market supply and demand of employment of college graduates from the macro perspective, and try explore specific measures to solve the predicament of employment of college graduates through the research of relevant policies. Different from the above research, this PhD thesis makes the social capital as research starting point, focus impact of social capital on the employment situation of college students from the microscopic point, examine the micro-individual factors that affect the employment situation of university graduates by researching university graduates’social behavior and background, analyze the structural relationship between social capital and employment situation of university graduates deeply based on the above.In order to research the impact of social capital on employment of university graduates better, we made questionnaires in six universities in Wuhan and Dalian for graduating students in May 2011, and obtained 1345 valid samples ultimately. Based on questionnaire data and combined with a literature review, this PhD thesis determines the characteristic index of social capital and university graduates employment status, and makes some descriptive statistics about college graduates employment status and social capital. On this basis, this PhD thesis launches deep research on the following issues:Viewed from the status structure, we will research the direct impact of family socioeconomic status on the initial employment of university graduates. On the above basis, we will add the backward factors (human capital) into the model, and research their interactions on the employment of college graduates. Data show that:on the one hand, family socio-economic status have double impact of positive and negative on the employment of university graduates, that is, have a positive impact on job search confidence of the university graduates, but has a negative impact on the level of effort; On the other hand, through the establishing the structural equation model, we analyze the causal relationship between family socioeconomic status and the attainment of university graduates of occupational status. Data show that family socioeconomic status have a positive direct effect on the quality of university graduates employment, and have an indirect positive effect on employment of college graduates results through human capital.This PhD thesis researches the effect of network of social relations on the initial employment of university graduates from the network structure perspective. Firstly, starting from the utility of social network, we research the role of relationship in the course of employment of university graduates, and confirm the significance of the employment of university graduates in the course of employment; Secondly, by the regression model, we research whether the social networks can effect the employment of university graduates, i.e. the "quantity" of the employment of university graduates; Finally, through the establishment of structural equation modeling, we analyze the causal relationship between the network of social relations and the attainment of occupational status. Data show that the social network that university graduates "have" and "may use" has a significant positive impact on university graduates job satisfaction.The status structure concept and the network structure concept are complementary research paradigm. For this reason, this PhD thesis combine the status structure concept and the network structure concept, research the impact of family and social relationship network conditions on employment of university graduates through a combination of class analysis theory and measurement methods and social network analysis methods and techniques, the results show that firstly, based on the differences of family socio-economic status, the effectiveness of the strong relationship in the course of employment of university graduates is different; Secondly, through the study of the causal mechanisms among family socioeconomic status, family and social network and the quality of university graduates employment, we find that higher family socioeconomic status and richer network of social relations can lead to higher employment satisfaction. This PhD thesis tried some innovations in the research process which can be seen as follows: firstly, we apply social capital theory to the employment problems of university students, and the topic have a certain novelty; secondly, this PhD thesis selects the dual perspective of the concept of status and structure and the concept of network structure, which has a certain novelty in the logic.更多还原