新中国十七年（1949-1966）北京市婚姻文化嬗变研究

【作者】 李慧波；

【导师】 梁景和；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 中国共产党对传统婚姻制度的改革是在吸纳苏联相关法规的基础上,经过土地革命、抗日战争、解放战争的不断实践中总结经验,完善和修改而形成的。从内容上看,婚姻法是以婚姻为主线,涉及到家庭关系等诸多层面,实际上是一部婚姻家庭法。《婚姻法》颁布后的相当长一段时间内,经过中央和地方各级政权以及各种群众组织的巨大的努力,才使得体现着婚姻自由、一夫一妻、男女平等的婚姻制度逐步变为现实。这一实施过程主要依靠国家运用法律的手段自上而下地展开的。这对于废除封建婚姻制度起了很大作用,但是我们也看到运动所带来的另外一个结果,即国家权力直接深入个人,传统的家长制权威对个人的影响逐渐衰落。在此后相当长一段时间内,婚姻文化中表现出的政治化愈来愈明显。通过对新中国成立后十七年间北京市不同职业群体择偶模式的分析发现,新时期下的不同群体普遍倾向于在本群体范围内选择配偶,而且人们的婚姻观念还普遍受着“男高女低”择偶模式的影响。当然这种模式存在一个“阈限”。新时期下,通过无产阶级思想教育和政治动员,企图打破传统的“男高女低”模式,但是总体来看,效果似乎不是十分明显。从婚龄模式的发展趋势来看,男女的结婚年龄在逐渐增大,男女的婚龄差距在逐渐缩小。20世纪60年代初期宣传的晚婚主要是为了减轻生育。国家在对晚婚积极教育和提倡的同时,把爱情革命理想化,并且贬斥物质欲望的意识形态,而政治取向作为一种潜在的、隐形的社会财富无形中渗入了物质利益和社会利益等成分。其中,女性尽力向社会权力圈子的中心移动,这种流动趋势对男性而言会产生两种结果,一种结果是给那些与本群体范围内成员相比条件较差的男性提供了择偶机会,另外一个结果是造成一种失衡状态,即给那些处于最底层的弱势男性群体造成择偶的困境。这一时期,自由恋爱的比重在逐渐增多,但是各种观念仍然阻碍着男女的交往。社会也没有提供足够的条件和机会让青年男女自由结识和相处。国家一方面宣传自由恋爱,一方面又对恋爱做出种种限制,既反对早恋,又提倡青年为国家集体牺牲个人利益。种种话语和思想价值观,排除了个体,否定了自我。经过国家的大力宣传与倡导,旧式的婚礼程序和仪式基本上被取消或者简化。人们也不用花时间来作太多的准备,婚礼与日常生活已经没有太大的脱节,不再具有人生独特的体验。因为婚姻是社会行为,所以民众利用并通过婚礼积极扩展社会关系,建构社会网络,将社会网络作为可以利用的社会资源。他们一方面承袭已有的社会资源,比如亲戚,另一方面在与他人的互动中扩展资源,如老乡、同学、战友、朋友、同事等。由以情感为主逐渐向以理性和情感共同支持的人与人之间的互动为主过渡。把日常生活中需要经常发生关系的人都要拉进来。所以这种仪式整合了家庭关系与家庭外部关系,使得婚礼在符合民众自身需要的状态下进行。在婚礼逐渐从家庭权威向国家权威转换,婚礼仪式越来越简单化和政治化的同时,男女两性形成了新的性别特征,即传统对女性的角色分工和社会期望在逐渐消失,女性的地位开始上升,男女更趋向于平等。这一时期,婚姻当事人打破了禁忌,在离婚方面有了更多的自主权。但是离婚原因非常复杂,既包括物质方面也包括精神和情感方面,既与婚前的择偶和恋爱相关也与婚后婚姻的经营密不可分。既有强迫包办、买卖婚姻、重婚纳妾、童养媳等无感情而破裂的婚姻,也有喜新厌旧、另有新欢,故意制造裂痕而破裂的婚姻,还有的虽然属于自主自愿的婚姻,但由于对待婚姻、家庭问题缺乏必要的知识与经验,不懂得或不善于培养夫妻感情而使婚姻破裂的,甚至还存在本来有感情基础,但偶而因小事争吵,一时感情冲动而轻率提出离婚的。此外,还有一些特殊情况,如一方长期无音讯、生理缺陷、患不治之症或犯罪判刑等而提出离婚的。种种因素,可以归结为两点。一是婚前的不对等交易如文化差异、社会地位差异、年龄差异使得整个婚姻陷入不平等的过程而引起离婚的。二是婚后对冲突和预期差距没有做出及时调整和适应而引起离婚的。其实引起离婚的原因不仅仅限于夫妻之间,而是家庭和社会内外因素共同作用的结果。但是总的趋势是,因包办、虐待而离婚的越来越少,而情感不和引起离婚的越来越多。说明人们对婚姻的追求也逐渐由婚姻最基本的需求转向精神和情感方面的需求。但是,离婚率在职业和文化程度不同的性别当中有所不同。在离婚率较高的男性中,基本摆脱了物质需求,他们追求的更多的是精神和情感方面的需要。在离婚率较高的女性中,还有一部分女性很大程度上处于解决和改善物质生存条件的状态,精神和情感需求则较低。从年龄上来分析,年龄与离婚率、婚后年数与离婚水平均成反比例关系。离婚方式中以协议离婚为主,而且以女方最先提出离婚的请求为主,说明女性对男性的依附性降低。这一时期,每一个人无论在私人生活还是在工作上,始终是处于组织监督之下。民众的离婚问题同样也是如此,当时国家对离婚问题给予了积极的教育和引导,以强调国家的集体利益,突出婚姻的阶级性。婚姻的执行情况也较为复杂,执法者人员的素质还有待提高、执法程序还有待严密、执法内容也有待完善。由于得到国家法律的保护,无论是寡妇再嫁、鳏夫再娶、或者离异一方再婚都逐渐冲破了传统道德观念的束缚和干涉。当然这一过程要比初婚时择偶的情况复杂得多,须经过多方而的慎重考虑。即使再婚后,也还要面对新的婚姻关系和新的问题,还要处理好先前未彻底断绝的婚姻家庭关系。可见,婚姻经历复杂而永无止境。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Communist Party of China’s reform of the traditional institution of marriage was on the basis of the Soviet Union regulations, and the practice of the Agrarian Revolutionary War, the liberation war. It has been a continuous improvement and modification of the process. From the content point of view, it is a marriage and family law. Marriage is the main line, involving many aspects of family relationships. Quite a long time after the promulgation of the Marriage Law, the central and local regimes and various mass organizations paid a tremendous effort for its implementation and made the embodies of the freedom of marriage, monogamy, so equality between men and women becomes a reality. The implementation process mainly depended on the legal means. It played an important role in the abolition of the feudal marriage system, but we also saw another result, the state powered directly into the personal, traditional parental authority to affect a person has gradually declined. After quite a long period of time, the politicization of the marriage culture was increasingly apparent.In the new era of Beijing, people tended to mate within the scope of similar group in the17years after the found of People’s Republic of China. The people’s concept of marriage was also generally suffering from the impact of the mode of "male higher than female". However, the mode was a threshold. Through the ideological education of the proletariat and political mobilization, the country broke the traditional mode of male higher than female in the new era. But the effect did not seem very clear. From the perspective of the development trends of the age of marriage patterns, the age of marriage was gradually increasing. The gap of the marriageable age in men and women was gradually narrowing. Late marriage was to reduce fertility in the early1960s. The country positively educated and promoted late marriage, and denounce the ideology of material desires, but the political orientation as a potential social wealth virtually penetrate the material interests. In particular, the women tried to move to the center of the circle of social power, the trend had two results for men, one was provide mate opportunity for those poor conditions compared with the range of members of this group of men. Another was that causing an imbalance for those at the bottom of the vulnerable to adverse factors. During the period, the number of the free love was gradually increasing, but a variety of concepts hindered young people’s daily interactions. The society also did not provide adequate conditions and opportunities for young people’s freedom to get to know and get along. On the one hand, the country propagandized the freedom, on the other hand, limited love. Not only opposed to puppy love, but also to promoted the youth to sacrifice individual interests for the national collective. Various discourses and ideological values excluded individuals. After the country’s great publicity and advocacy, the old-fashioned wedding procedures and rituals were essentially been canceled or simplified. People did not spend time making too many preparations, wedding and everyday life were not much out of line, no longer had a unique experience in life. Because marriage was a social behavior, people used wedding to extend the social relations and construct social networks. Social network became social resources. On the one hand, people inherited the existing resources of the community like relatives, on the other hand, they expanded resources in interaction with others such as fellow students, comrades, friends and colleagues. The people pulled in all the people who required constant relationship. This ceremony integrated the relationship such as families and external relations. This led to the wedding in the ideal state of the people’s need. Wedding gradually form the authority of the state to the home authority, the wedding ceremony was more and more simplistic and politicized. At the same time, men and women formed a new gender identity. Traditional division of roles and social expectations of women was gradually disappearing. The position of women began to rise, men and women has become much of equality. During the period, people partied to break taboos, and had more autonomy in divorce. The reason of divorce was very complicated, including material terms, mental and emotional aspects. The forced arrangement, the sale of marriage, bigamy, child brides, new love lack the necessary knowledge and experience of family problems. In addition, there were special circumstances, such as the physical defects, incurable or criminal sentencing and filed for divorce. Various factors could be attributed to two things. First, it was the unequal transactions, such as cultural differences, social status differences, age differences and so on. Second, the people could not adjust the conflict. All these caused divorce. In fact, the causes of divorce were not limited to between husband and wife, but the result of the role of the society factors.In fact, the factor of divorce was not limited to between husband and wife, but the result of the role of the family and society. However, the general trend was that the divorce caused by arrangement and amusement were less and less and caused by bad feelings was more and more. The pursuit of people’s marriage gradually was shifted to the mental and emotional needs. However, the divorce rate was different among the different levels of professional and cultural gender. Men applied for divorce basically to get rid of the material needs, and they seek more spiritual and emotional needs. There were some women applying for divorce largely in the evolvement and improvement the status of the material living conditions, mental and emotional needs became lower. Up from the age analysis, age and the divorce rate, the number of years after marriage and divorce was inversely proportional relationship. The main way of divorce was agreed, and the woman requested divorce firstly. So women reduced the dependence of the male. During this period, each individual, whether in private life or at work, everyone was under the supervision of the organization. It was also in the people’s divorce. The state gave a positive education and guidance to emphasize the interests of the country, highlighting the class nature of marriage. It was also more complex in the implementation of marriage. The quality of law enforcement personnel to be improved, the enforcement procedures to be strict, the law enforcement has yet to be perfect. Under the protection of the law in the country, whether of widows remarrying, widowers remarry, or remarry of divorce gradually broke through the bondage of traditional moral values and interference. Of course, the process was much more complex than the first marriage. It needed to carefully consider from various. Even if remarried, people had to face new marriage and new problems. Besides, People had to handle previous marriage and family relations. It can clearly be seen, the experience of marriage is complicated and endless.更多还原