【作者】 于冰沁；

【导师】 王向荣；

【作者基本信息】 北京林业大学 ， 城市规划与设计， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本文对生态主义思想在西方近现代风景园林领域产生的思想源流、发展历程、对现代风景园林设计的影响、未来发展趋势等进行了分析与归纳,并对生态主义思想影响下的西方近现代风景园林设计理论、方法及实践案例进行了回顾和评价,目的在于认清生态危机影响下的生态主义设计的必要性与紧迫性,明确风景园林师的责任与义务,明晰生态主义思想的发展脉络,预测生态主义设计未来可能的发展方向,并希冀从中获得可借鉴的宝贵经验和指导国内风景园林生态设计实践的启示。通过文献研究与案例研究的方法,本文对国内外的相关理论研究和实践案例进行了归纳和总结,并通过类比分析的方法,研究不同学科、不同地域、不同风景园林师之间的思想差异性与相互渗透性,以探寻时代、社会、文化背景与生态主义设计思想之间的内在联系性,从而广泛地汲取相关学科的研究成果,并从多个角度来分析、论证本文的研究主题。基于上述研究方法,本文将西方近现代风景园林设计领域的生态主义思想的发展历程划分为6个阶段,并分别就每个发展时期出现的具有代表性的案例、设计思想、设计理论和技术进行了深入地剖析,以总结归纳出生态主义思想在西方现代风景园林中的发展框架,理清其发展脉络。同时,通过对国内一些地区进行的生态主义设计的实践情况的现场踏勘,了解我国在生态设计理论研究与实践过程中的优势和问题,认识生态主义的设计思想对我国可持续景观的建设和发展具有重要的意义,从而使本文的研究对于国内的景观生态建设起到一定的现实作用。本文的研究内容主要包括3个部分：首先,介绍了生态主义思想和现代风景园林的相关概念及国内外的研究现状,并就其两者之间的关系进行了分析和伦理思考；其次,探究了生态主义思想在西方近现代风景园林领域的发展历程,分为萌芽阶段(16至18世纪)、产生阶段(19世纪)、发展阶段(20世纪初至80年代)、兴盛阶段(20世纪90年代)、成熟阶段(21世纪初至今)及后成熟阶段等6个时期,并就其各个发展阶段的时代背景、相关学科的影响及具有代表性的设计思想、研究理论、规划方法和相关实践进行了剖析,揭示了生态主义思想与风景园林之间的内在联系,并对生态主义思想引导下的现代风景园林未来的发展方向进行了展望；最后,总结并归纳生态主义思想对西方近现代风景园林设计的影响、生态主义设计发展过程中表现出的多样化倾向和实践过程中遵循的具体的实践原则。研究结果表明生态主义思想在西方近现代风景园林领域起源于16、17世纪文艺复兴园林中的丛林和林园景观,萌芽于18世纪的自然风致园,产生于19世纪现代主义园林,因相关学科的渗透和分析技术的进步而迅猛发展于20世纪60、70年代,促进了设计师生态主义意识的嬗变和生态规划理论的完善,并于20世纪90年代伴随着生态设计原则、再生设计原理、可持续发展观的提出和生态材料与技术的创新逐步走向兴盛,21世纪初因景观及生态都市主义思潮的出现而日臻成熟。生态意识的出现曾一度造成了风景园林学科内部的分裂局面,而生态思想的发展与成熟逐渐融合了生态性、艺术性和社会性等属性,消解了审美与科学、设计与规划、艺术与生态之间的二元对立关系,其发展与变化深深地影响了风景园林设计的自然观、价值观、研究范畴、设计思维、理论方法和实践技术。在生态主义思想的引导下,西方现代风景园林从单纯地美学设计逐渐走向了科学规划的道路,也将由科学走向伦理学的思考。纵观国内外关于风景园林学、生态学和地理学等相关学科的研究成果,对生态主义思想的研究均呈现为局部的、片段式的、破碎化的状态,尚未形成完整的、系统的理论研究,对于生态主义思想在风景园林设计领域的产生缘由、发展轨迹、表达与实践均没有清晰的脉络呈现。因此,本文所做的研究和探索具有一定的独创性和创新性,具体表现为以下5点：(1)尝试在风景园林设计领域对生态主义思想重新加以理解；(2)探寻了生态主义思想在风景园林领域的产生根源,构建了生态主义思想的发展框架,理清了生态主义思想的发展脉络,揭示了生态主义思想对风景园林的影响；(3)以客观性和辩证性的视角对风景园林先驱的设计思想、理论方法和实践作品进行了分析与研究,回顾风景园林生态设计的历史,并进行反思与再认识,以总结历史的经验与教训,对我国现代风景园林生态设计的实践具有现实的指导意义；(4)总结生态主义思想在西方近现代风景园林中的各个发展阶段的主要特征,归纳影响生态主义思想变化的主导因子,并在其发展历程的基础上,划分了生态主义设计的5种主要倾向,明确了生态主义设计的实践原则；(5)提出了风景园林规划设计的生态性、艺术性、科学性与社会性多元融合的生态设计理念,展望了风景园林学与生态伦理学和伦理美学相结合的未来发展趋势。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to clearly recognize the necessity and emergency of eco-design under the pressure of ecological crisis, the responsibility and obligation of landscape designers and the developing thread of ecologism, for forecasting the future direction of ecological design and obtaining the experience and enlightenment to instruct practices of eco-design, the origin, phylogeny, influence and future trends of ecologism in the field of western modern landscape architecture design were analyzed, and the theories, methods as well as practice cases of ecological modern design were reviewed and evaluated.Through researches on literatures, related theories and cases of eco-design were summarized domestically and internationally. By analogy analysis, the differences and internal contacts between disciplines, regions, designers, social background and ecological concepts were introduced, to absorb research results in other disciplines extensively and to demonstrate the theme of the dissertation from multiple perspectives. Based on that, the developing process of ecological ideology was divided into six stages, and for each period, the representative cases, ideas, theories and leading designers were analyzed thoroughly, to generalize the development framework and context of ecological ideology in western modern landscape planning and design. Meanwhile, kinds of domestic theories and practices of eco-design were surveyed in order to recognize the advantages and disadvantages in Chinese modern landscape design, and reveal the significance of ecologism on construction and development of civil sustainable landscape design.Three parts were mainly included in the article. At first, the concepts and research status, at home and abroad, of ecologism and modern landscape design were introduced, and the relationship between them was analyzed and reflected ethically. And then, the development process of ecologism in design area was explored, which contained six phrases:embryonic stage (approximately from16century to18century), the period of origination (approximately19century), the period of development (from the very beginning of20century to1980s), the period of prosperity (about1990s), mature stage (from the turn of the century up to now) and the post-mature period (future). Last but not the least, in each period, the social background, the influence from multi-disciplines, the representative designers, ideas, research theories, planning methods and practice cases were dissected, for the purpose of revealing the internal relationship between ecologism and landscape design and prospecting the future of modern landscape directed by ecological ideology. Finally, the influence of ecologism on western modern landscape architecture was summarized and generalized, as well as the diverse tendency, characters and principles in the practices of ecological design. The result of the research indicates that ecological ideology originated from jungle and bosco landscape in renaissance garden in16to17century, in the field of western landscape planning and design, and sprouted in natural gardens in18C, generated in modernism landscape in19C, and developed in1960s, because of interpenetration of relative disciplines, and improvement of analyzing techniques, which promoted the changes of ecological consciousness and planning methods. With the proposition of principles of eco-design, regenerative design and sustainable landscape, as well as innovation of ecological materials and technology, the ecologism moved towards prosperity in1990s, and became mature in the early21st Century, resulting from landscape urbanism and ecological urbanism. The emergence of ecologism once caused the dissociation within landscape architecture, but its development integrated the three characters, as ecology, aesthetics and sociology, and affected the natural view, value view, research category, design though, theoretical methods and practice technology in landscape architecture. Directed by ecologism, the western modern landscape design developed from single esthetic design to scientific planning. In the future, the ecological ethics and ethically aesthetics will be integrated into ecologism. Landscape has changed from design to science, but will grow from scientific to ethic reflection.Generally, up to now, about the researches in other related disciplines as landscape ecology, ecology and geography, the surveys as to ecologism have been presented as sectional and fragmentary situation, and not yet formed a complete and systematic cognition about origination, development traces, expression and practices of ecological ideology in landscape design. Therefore, to a certain extent, there are originality and innovation in the researches, results and conclusion of the article.Especially speaking, the originality and innovation in the dissertation mainly pays attention to the following five aspects:1) re-defined the ecological ideology in landscape architecture;2) explored the origination of ecologism in the field of western landscape planning and design; form the development framework of ecologism; and reveal the influence on modern landscape design from ecologism;3) analyzed the design thought, theories, methods and practices of pioneers, objectively and dialecticallly; reviewed the history of eco-design to reflect and recognize; and summarized the historic experience and exhortation, for the purpose of instructing the modern ecological design domestically;4) summarized the main characters and affecting factors of ecologism during the developing stages in western modern landscape design, as well as five styles of ecological design basing on the history of development, in order to clarify the practicing principles of ecological design;5) proposed the ecological concept that the ecological, artistic, scientific and social characters of landscape planning could be integrated together; and prospected the future tendency of landscape architecture which will be combined with ecological ethics and ethically aesthetics.更多还原