【作者】 曾令香；

【导师】 刘中富；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 元朝是古代农学史上一个非常重要的时期，由于社会、政治的变动，统治者的劝农政策，以及文人自身的原因等，元朝出现了大量的农学著作，是农书发展历程中的一个高峰期，但大多数农书都失传了。保存至今比较完备的有三大农书，即《农桑辑要》、《王祯农书》和《农桑衣食撮要》，这三部农书都遵循了《齐民要术》大农业的结构框架，内容非常丰富。同时它们又成为明清时期农书写作的依据，在农书发展史上具有承前启后的作用。元代三大农书采用通俗易懂的语言写成，反映了元及元以前的农业发展和社会状况，是语言研究的重要语料。本文即以元代三大农书为语料，力图通过对其中农业词汇的研究，在共时描写的基础上，追溯其历时发展演变，勾勒出汉语农业词汇系统的基本面貌。在研究过程中，本文将立足于汉语词汇学理论，同时吸纳传统小学的治学方法，对元代农书中的农业词汇作全方位的系统描写。论文共分六章：第一章绪论。本章主要论述古代农书文献、研究概况以及本文的研究语料、版本和方法。古代农书非常丰富，分类标准也不统一，不少的机构或学者都对古农书的数量进行了调查，但都未能作出一个准确的统计。我们按照历史的发展，从上古到近代，对农书的发展情况进行了简单的介绍，总结出了古代农书波浪式起伏发展的三个高峰期，元代三大农书的出现即是其中的一个高峰期。对农书的研究以往主要集中在对文献的校注上，语言研究论著不多，且主要集中在对中古文献《齐民要术》的研究上，近代农书文献的研究成果很少，系统研究更是没有，因此本文以近代的三部农书为语料进行研究，能在一定程度弥补农业文献研究的不足。在语料的版本上，我们选择了目前所能见到的较好的版本，同时参照其他文献中的引用部分。在研究方法上，本文主要采用了定量与定性相结合、共时与历时相结合、描写与解释相结合的方法，同时从隐喻、文化等视角对元代农书中的农业词汇进行多角度的研究。第二章元代农书的语料特点和研究价值。本章从语料特点和研究价值入手，首先，从语料性质上，元代农书的语料具有专业性、俗语性、地域性和复杂性等特点。专业性主要体现在农业专门用语上；俗语性除了表现在日常用语中，还表现在农作物、农具的俗名上以及农业谚语中；地域性主要体现在方言词中；复杂性主要体现在词汇来源上。其次从研究价值上，我们主要从词汇的研究价值来谈，一是农书词汇体现了社会的发展，特别是农业的发展，文中主要从词汇反映耕作技术和嫁接技术两个方面来介绍；二是农书是近代汉语研究重要的补充语料，同时农书中的口语词、方言词等可以丰富近代汉语词汇的研究；三是农书中的农业词汇对丰富专科词语的研究具有一定的意义，可以弥补农业词汇研究的某些不足；四是农书中的词汇在辞典编纂上也具有重要的语料学价值，具有补充词目、补充义项、提前书证和补充书证的作用。第三章元代农书农业词汇概说。本章在对农业词汇界定的基础上，将农业词汇分为三个层次，并从农业生物种类、农业生产行为、农业工具等几个方面对元代农书中的农业词汇进行了系统的共时描写，然后按照历时的观点，将元代农书中的农业词汇的形成和发展进行了详细的论述。从形成上看，来源于三个方面，一是吸收全民共同语，具体为全盘借用和改造借用；二是沿袭已有的农业词语，具体沿袭先秦两汉、魏晋南北朝和隋唐宋三个时期的农业词语；三是产生于元代的新词，具体从农业词汇的三个主要组成部分来谈。从发展上来看，首先是农业词汇内部的发展，或弃置不用，或继续使用；其次是农业词语对全民共同语的渗透，或直接渗透，或引申渗透，或比喻渗透，或本源回归。在对元代农书中的农业词汇进行共时描写和历时分析的基础上，对农业词汇中出现的同实异名和同名异实现象进行了描写和解释。重点分析了同实异名的语言内外部原因，语言内部原因主要从语音、词汇和修辞三个因素来分析，语言外部原因主要从命名理据的不同、语言在时空、雅俗上的差异和变化以及语言和社会环境的关系等方面来分析。第四章元代农书农业词汇的语义分析。本章主要从本义、引申义、词源义、词义类聚以及词义的发展变化等方面对农业词汇的意义进行系统的分析。一是在分析农业词语语素义之间关系的基础上，进一步分析农业词语语素义和词义之间的关系，即两个语素义组合、综合或融合等构成词义。二是在分析农业词语本义的基础上，对农业词语的引申义系统进行简单的概说，对农业词语引申义产生的途径、方式等进行了详细的分析。产生途径主要是相似引申、相关引申和同步引申，而产生的方式主要是连锁式引申、辐射式引申和综合式引申。三是对农业词语中的名物词的词源义进行了分析，我们主要采用系联同源词的方法对其中单音节名物词的词源义进行了探求，从参与构词语素各自意义的来源以及它们结合并凝固的原因两个方面对其中双音节名物词的词源义进行了探求。四是对农业词汇中的几种语义关系进行了分析和解释，即同义关系、上下义关系和对立关系。其中在同义关系中，主要对同义动词从构组和语义上进行了描写，并从词义的发展、双音化、异序词、同源词等几个方面对同义词的大量存在进行了解释。五是对农业词汇词义发展演变的分析，主要分析了农业词语义位的增减，词义范围的变化，包括扩大、缩小和转移。并对词义的演变发展从语言外部和内部两个角度进行了解释。本章力求能对元代农书中的农业词汇在语义上做一个系统的描写和解释。第五章元代农书农业词汇语法分析。本章主要从活跃的构词语素、构词类型和方式、农业词语的量词化和名动词类的转变四个方面展开。活跃的构词语素，主要包括“熟”、“田”、“种”、“接”等。农业词语的构词类型包括联合、偏正、动宾、补充和附加五种方式，其中联合式和偏正式占绝大多数，文章对这两种构词类型的具体构成情况作了两个方面的分析。农业词语的量词化主要对由植物各部位名称词演变成量词的进程进行了分析，这些词包括“茎”、“根”、“株”、“枚”、“叶”、“条”、“科”、“树”、“梢”、“枝”、“本”，对这些词语我们从不同历史阶段的使用情况展开分析，明确其量词形成的时间，对量词形成后进一步虚化的进程及其发展变化等都作了详细的介绍。同时在这些词语量词化形成的语义与认知基础上，从隐喻、推理和泛化三个方面对它们的形成机制进行了探讨。名动词类的转变中，我们主要对农具词语从名称到功能的转变作了描述，具体分析了名动词类转变的语义和认知基础，并对名动词类转变中的突显性原则和邻近性原则做了简单介绍。第六章元代农书农业词汇隐喻认知分析。本章主要对农业词汇的隐喻系统和隐喻文化认知进行分析。相似性原则是隐喻的认知原则，农业词汇的隐喻多以植株或植株各部位为喻体，来比拟其他物体。同时农业生产包含一定的过程，利用植物生长过程和事物发展过程的相似性，来认识事物发展的过程。具体我们从植物及植物的部位名称“粟”、“桃”、“杏”、“柳”、“松”、“根”、“枝”、“花”、“苗”、“芽”等词族的隐喻，以及从植物的生根、发芽、开花、结果、成熟的过程和农业生产中耕地、播种、施肥、浇水、收获等过程中有关词的隐喻来分析农业词汇的隐喻系统，实现隐喻系统中始源域和目标域之间的映射，并验证这种映射的合理性。并在此基础上，进一步从文化的角度对汉语农业词汇的隐喻进行分析，隐喻受民族文化因素的影响，隐喻中表现出了明显的民族差异。结语总结全文，对本文的主要观点和不足之处进行总结，以明确以后努力和完善的方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 .Yuan Dynasty is a very important period during the accient agriculture’s developingprocess. The change of society and polity,encourage from empires and interior reasons ofacademics precipitate the crashing compose of agricultural books in this term which is thesplendid period in the development of agricultural books. However, most books havedisappeared up to now. There are tree books preserved well now,they are Nongsang Jiyao(农桑辑要),Wangzhen Nongshu(王祯农书) and Nongsang Yishi Cuoyao(农桑衣食撮要撮要).Allthese three books comply the constructure of Qimin Yaoshu (齐民要术)，consisting of richcontents, what’s more, they are the gist of composing agriculture books in Qing Dynasty. Allthese make these books become the bridge of accient time and futher development . Three greatbooks wrriten with plain and simple words. Conflict the society situation up to Yuan Dynasty,which are important to linguistic researching. This essay based on three great books, try to traceback to its evolvement and descrip the essencial system of Chinese argicultural words byresearching the agricultural words and describing these words at the same time. During thisresearch, this essay will descrip agricultural words in these books systematically, standing onChinese word, theory and absorbing traditional teaching methods in primary schools.The essay is divided into 6 chapters in all:Chapter One: The preface. It talks about the documents of ancient agricultural books, thebasic conditions of research as well as the studying spoken material, meanings and methods ofthis text. The ancient agricultural books have a rich content and are not sorted according to afixed standard. Thus, there is not adurate total,even though a lot of agents and learners have donea enough research about the number of the ancient agricultural books. According to thedevelopment of history, we will give a brife introduction of the development of agriculturalbooks from ancient times to recent years, concluding that there are three climaxes cluring thewaving development, one of which is the tree great agricultural books in Yuan Dynasty. In thepast, the research mainly focused on more the definitions of the documents than the languageessays, especially the research on <齐民要术>in the middle ancient times. While few on thethoes in recent years, of course, no the research system, so it is meaningful to study this text.About the research ways, this text choose the multiple views to stud vocabulary of books the combination of fixed quantity and quality, Synchronic and Diachronic，the description andexplanation, the culture, the metophter.Chapter Two: The characteristic of linguistic corpus and the studying value of agriculturalbooks in Yuan dynasty. This chapter starts from two aspects. One is the characteristics oflinguistic corpus, the other is the studying value. First, in terms of characteristics, the agriculturalbooks are professional, common, regional and complex. The special language in agricultureshows its speciality. Besides, in everyday language, the common saying can be revealed in localnames of crops and implements and agricultural proverbs. In the dialect we can see theregionality while in the resource of words we observe the complexity. Second, as for studyingvalue, the words in Yuan agricultural books are evidences of the development of society. Alsothey put an effect on the study of modern Chinese and peofessional jargon, which providesignificant linguistic value in compiling dictionary as well.Chapter Three: The summary of agricultural books and vocabulance in Yuan dynasty. In thischapter, based on the definition of agricultural vocubularies, the agricultional words can beseprated into three levels, and it can be discribed systematically from the following parts: thespices of crops, the behaviors of planting and the agricultural tools, then, to the point ofdiachronic，describes the forms and developments of agricultural words in agricultural books ofYuan dynasty in detail. According to the form of agricultural words, it comes from the followingthree parts: the first is absorbed the people’s common words. The second is following the pastagricultural words and the third is the new words generated in Yuan dynasty. And according tothe developments of agricultral words, the first is its enternal development, neither to beabandorned nor to be used continue and then is the penetrate of agricultral words to the commonwords or direct penetrate, or rich penetrate, or metaphor penetrate, or back to the origin. Wedescribe and analyse the phenomenon of the same things have the different names and thedifferent things have the same name .based on the analysis of synchronic and diachronic ofagricultural vocabulary in the Yuan Dynasty agricultural books.We analyse the causes of thesame things have the different names.the internal reasons are the pronunciation, vocabulary andrhetoric.the external reasons are the different naming motivation, the difference of language intime and space, the difference and change of Elegant and popular,and the context of linguisticand social environment. Chapter Four：The chapter is about the study and analysis of the meanings of theagricultural vocabularies occurs in the books on agriculture of the Yuan Dynasty. This chapter ismainly a systematic analysis of the meanings of the agricultural vocabularies by studying itsoriginal meaning, extended meaning, etymological meaning, semantic cluster as well as thedevelopment and evolution of the word meanings. The first point is that on the basis of analyzingthe relationship of the morpheme meanings between agricultural words, it makes a further studyof the relationship between the morpheme meanings and the word meanings. The relationship isthat two morpheme meanings can form a word meaning by combination, extension and blending.The second point is that on the basis of analyzing the original meanings of the agriculturalvocabularies, it will simply introduce the extended meanings system of the agriculturalvocabularies, and analyze the ways and modes that the extended meaning of the agriculturalvocabularies came into existence in details. The ways mainly include the similitude extension,the relevance extension and the synchronization extension while the modes mainly contain chainextension and comprehensive extension. The third point is that it will analyze the etymologicalmeaning of the nouns among the agricultural vocabularies. It mainly applies the cognate wordsto study the etymological meaning of the single syllable nouns，and study the etymologicalmeaning of the double syllable nouns of the vocabularies from the sources of meanings of themorphemes that make up a word and the reasons why they can combine and coagulate with eachother. The fourth point is that it analyzes and explains several semantic relations of theagricultural vocabularies, for example, synonymy relations, hyponymy relations and oppositionrelations. In the synonymy relations, it mainly describe the synonymous verbs from its structurecombinations and meanings and explain the reasons why there are so many synonyms from thedevelopment of the word meanings, double syllable, words with different order as well ascognate words. The fifth point is that we analyze the development and evolution of the wordmeanings of the agricultural words, mainly on the increase and decrease of the semantic spaces,the change of the range of the word meanings which includes the enlargement, reduction andshift. Moreover, it explains the evolution and development of the word meanings from theoutward and inward aspects of the language. This chapter makes every effort to make asystematic description and explanation of the agricultural vocabularies in the books onagriculture of the Yuan dynasty in its meanings. Chapter Five: In this unit, we mainly talk about in four aspects: active morpheme ofword-formation, types of word-formation,quantitation of agricultural words and transformationof nones and verbs. Active morpheme of word-formation mainly includes ripe, field, grow,connect and so on. Talking to the formation of agricultural words, there are five types—Lianhe、Pianzheng、Dongbin、Buchong and Fujia，among which Lianhe and Pianzheng are in the majorityand analysis in two aspects. The quantitation of agricultural words chiefly analyses the progressof how various parts of plants evolve as classifiers, while these words are stalk, root, individualplant, trunk, leaf, strip, aceae, tree, trip,branch, and family. To these words, we shall develop ouranalysis from their using situation during different ages, clerify the exat time of the formationand introduce the process of its virtualization in detail. At the same time, we shall discuss theirmechanism of formation in three aspects—metaphor、reasoning and generalization, basing ontheir meaning and congnition. As the transformation of verbs and nones, we chiefly describe thetransformation from names to function of farm implements words. Also we analyse the meaningand congnition of this transformation, and make a brief introduction of the principle ofprominence and proximity.The transformation of words is the result of human kind’s cognitivestyle of metonymy.Chapter Six: The analysis on mytonymy recognition of agricultural words in Nong Shu inYuan dynasty. The chapter mainly focuses on the analysis of recognition system of agriculturalwords and culture. The principle of similarity is the basic priciple of it. It usually takes the plantsor different parts of plants as object, to analogy with other ones. Simultaniously the agriculturalprocess includes certain periods, using the similarity between the process of the growth of plantsand the developing course of things, to relize the process of it. In detail, we start from themytonymies of plants and their various parts, such as rice, peach, apricot, willow, pine, root,branch, flower, sprout, bud, as well as the process of having root, bosoming, germinating,outcoming, getting mature, farming, sowing, fertilizing, watering and havesting among theagricultural production to analyze the mytonymy recognition of agricultural words. Moreover,we’ll further study it from the perspective of the cultural recognition on this basis.The conclusion including all the mainly points of the whole passage, including the coreview and some disadvantages. Through it, we can be sure of the direction in the future.更多还原