【作者】 王磊；

【导师】 马俊莲； 张子德；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 农产品加工及贮藏工程， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 无花果皮薄、肉厚,甘甜鲜美、营养丰富,食用价值和商品价值极高。无花果可用于鲜食或加工果酒、饮料等,随着人们对鲜食无花果营养价值的认同,无花果作为一种新型水果已逐渐开始被消费者所接受,鲜食的无花果的消费量逐渐增加,市场前景也比较看好。但无花果采后在自然状态下极易失水皱缩或腐烂,并伴随有大量的Vc损失,营养价值降低,鲜食品质逐渐丧失。目前,无花果的贮藏保鲜问题尚未解决,严重影响无花果产业的发展。因而研究无花果的贮藏保鲜技术,具有重要的社会效益和经济价值。本课题以无花果为试验材料,对无花果采后的贮藏生理特性、品质变化和成熟衰老机理,1-MCP处理对无花果生理生化变化规律,以及臭氧气处理对无花果营养品质、生理品质和表面微生物的影响等内容进行了研究,主要研究结果如下:1.无花果在常温贮藏过程中硬度、果胶酸含量和纤维素含量均呈不断下降的趋势;可溶性果胶含量、PG活性和纤维素酶活性均呈上升趋势;PME活性呈缓慢上升的趋势。其硬度与纤维素含量（r=0.912）和原果胶含量呈显著正相关（r=0.895）,与可溶性果胶含量（r=-0.827）、PG活性（r=-0.796）和纤维素酶活性（r=-0.892）呈显著负相关,与PME活性呈极显著负相关（r=-0.944）。低温贮藏中硬度、果胶酸含量和纤维素含量的下降速度明显慢于常温贮藏;显著延缓了可溶性果胶含量的增加,抑制了PG活性和纤维素酶活性的升高;PME活性表现出先升高后下降的趋势。其硬度与纤维素含量呈显著正相关（r=0.902）,与原果胶含量呈极显著正相关（r=0.972）,与可溶性果胶含量（r=-0.961）、PG活性（r=-0.957）和纤维素酶活性（r=-0.942）呈极显著负相关,但与PME活性的相关性很小。2.无花果在常温贮藏过程中,MDA含量和相对电导率呈上升趋势,SOD、POD和CAT活性随着时间的延长均呈现的下降趋势,与之相对应的无花果果肉中O2.-产生速率和H2O2含量呈现逐渐上升的趋势;低温贮藏中,减慢了MDA含量和相对电导率的上升,延缓了无花果SOD、POD和CAT活性的下降,对无花果果肉中O2.-产生速率和H2O2含量产生了明显的抑制作用。常温和低温贮藏过程中,无花果丙二醛含量和相对电导率变化呈极显著性正相关（r=0.956、r=0.989）;SOD活性和O2.-产生速率呈极显著性负相关（r= -0.971、r= -0.966）。在常温贮藏条件中,H2O2含量与CAT活性呈极显著性负相关（r= -0.950）,但与POD活性相关性很小;在低温贮藏条件下,H2O2含量与CAT活性（r= -0.0.994）和POD活性（r= -0.992）呈极显著性负相关。3.无花果在贮藏过程中,乙烯释放量和ACO活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势,ACC含量和ACS活性呈现先下降后上升的趋势。常温和低温条件下乙烯释放量与ACC含量呈极显著性负相关（r= -0.993、r= -0.944）;与ACS活性呈显著性负相关（r= -0.922、r= -0.872）;常温下乙烯释放量与ACO活性呈显著性正相关（r=0.928）,但低温下与ACO活性的大小不相关。4.无花果在贮藏过程中,呼吸强度呈现先升高后降低的趋势,具有明显呼吸高峰,所以无花果属于典型的呼吸跃变型果实;还原糖含量呈先上升后下降的趋势;酚类物质、Vc和可滴定酸含量呈现下降趋势;AAO和PPO活性呈上升趋势。数据统计显示,常温和低温条件下无花果Vc含量与AAO活性呈极显著性负相关（r= -0.976、r= -0.882）;酚类物质含量与PPO活性呈极显著性负相关（r= -0.993、r= -0.964）。5.通过1-MCP处理对无花果硬度、还原糖、Vc和可滴定酸含量的影响,确定1-MCP适宜处理时间为12h。6.不同浓度(1.0μL·L^-1、1.5μL·L^-1和2.0μL·L^-1)1-MCP处理对无花果贮藏生理指标的研究表明,1-MCP处理抑制了果实的呼吸速率和乙烯释放量,推迟呼吸高峰和乙烯释放量高峰的出现并降低其峰值,延缓了抗氧化酶CAT,SOD和POD活性的下降,并抑制了ACC含量、ACO活性、ACS活性、H2O2含量、O2.-产生速率、AAO活性、MDA含量和细胞膜相对透性的增加。结果表明,在30 d的贮藏期内,1.5μL·L^-1 1-MCP处理效果最佳。7.不同浓度(4.18 mg·m^-3、8.56 mg·m^-3、12.84 mg·m^-3和17.12 mg·m^-3)臭氧处理对无花果贮藏品质指标的研究表明,臭氧处理抑制果实硬度的下降,减少还原性糖,可滴定酸和维生素C的损失。结果表明,在30 d的贮藏期内,适宜的臭氧处理浓度为12.84 mg·m^-3,与对照差异极显著（P<0.01）。8.不同浓度(4.18 mg·m^-3、8.56 mg·m^-3、12.84 mg·m^-3和17.12 mg·m^-3)臭氧处理对无花果贮藏生理指标的研究表明,臭氧处理抑制了呼吸速率和乙烯释放量升高,推迟呼吸高峰和乙烯释放量高峰的出现并降低其峰值,延缓了抗氧化酶CAT,SOD和POD活性的下降,并抑制H2O2含量、O2.-产生速率、MDA含量和细胞膜相对透性的增加。结果表明,在30 d的贮藏期内,12.84 mg·m^-3臭氧处理效果最佳。9.无花果采摘、运输和前处理等操作后,无花果底端小孔周围携带的微生物主要以细菌、酵母菌和霉菌为主,整个贮藏过程中,可观察到臭氧处理显著抑制了细菌、酵母菌和霉菌的增长和繁殖,降低了果实的腐烂变质,延长其贮藏期。更多还原

【Abstract】 value and commercial value are very high. Ficus carica L. can be used for the fresh food or process fruit wine and drink. With people to worth the nourishment value in fresh fig fruit, it’s consumption increased gradually, and the market foreground is vast. But after harvest, fig fruit is inclined to lose water and rotting with Vitamin C lose, the nutrition and the high quality is not maintained under condition of room temperature. At present, the problem of fresh-keeping for fig fruit is not resolved, which affects the development of fig fruit greatly. So it is important to study its storage and preserve technology, which provided the theoretical and practical technic for the business storage of fig fruit. In this paper, changes in quality, storage physiology properties and mature senescence mechanism were studied. In addition, the impact of 1-MCP treatment on the change regulation of physiology biochemistry, the role of ozone solution treatment on nourishment and physiology quality, external microorganism of fig were studied. The main results were as follows:1. Firmness, protopectin and cellulose content showed a trend of continuously decreased; soluble pectin content, D-Galacturonanases （PG） and cellulase activity were significantly increased; Pectinmethylesterases （PME） activity showed a trend of slow rise during room temperature storage. The cellulose and protopectin content were positively correlated with firmness significantly, r=0.912 and r=0.895, respectively. The soluble pectin content, PG, PME and cellulase activity were negatively correlated with the firmness significantly, r=-0.827, r=-0.796, r=-0.944 and r=-0.892, respectively. During cold temperature storage, firmness, protopectin and cellulose content decreased rate obviously lower room temperature storage; significantly inhibited increase of soluble pectin content, PG activity and cellulase; PME activity rose in the initial, and then declined. The cellulose and protopectin content was positively correlated with firmness significantly, r=0.902 and r=0.972, respectively. The soluble pectin content, PG and cellulase activity were negatively correlated with the firmness significantly, r=-0.961, r=-0.957 and r=-0.942, respectively, however, there was not correlated between PME activity and firmness.2. During room temperature storage, relative electric conductivity and MDA content show a trend of continuously increased, Superoxide dismutase （SOD）, Catalase （CAT） and Peroxidase （POD） activities showed a trend of decreased with O2.- production rate and H2O2 content were significantly rose. During cold temperature storage, slowed the increase of MDA content and relative electric conductivity, delayed the declined of SOD、POD and CAT activity, and inhibited the O2.- production rate and H2O2 content. In the conditions of room and cold temperature, the MDA content was positively correlated with relative electric conductivity significantly, r=0.956、r=0.989, respectively; the SOD activity was negatively correlated with the O2.- production rate significantly, r=-0.971 and r=-0.966, respectively. The H2O2 content was negatively correlated with the CAT activity significantly, r=-0.950, however, there was not correlated between H2O2 content and POD activity during room temperature storage. The CAT and POD activities were negatively correlated with the H2O2 content significantly, r=-0.994、r=-0.992, respectively.3. Ethylene production and ACO activity rose in the initial, and then declined, ACC content and ACS activity declined in the initial, and then rose during storage. In the conditions of room and cold temperature, ethylene production were negatively correlated with the ACC content （r=-0.922、r=-0.872） and ACS activity （r=-0.922、r=-0.872） significantly; The ethylene production was positively correlated with ACO activity （r=0.928） significantly during room temperature, however, there was not correlated between ethylene production and ACO activity during cold temperature.4. The study on the respiration of fig fruit showed that the respiration peaks were found during storage after harvest. It was belong to climacteric fruit. The reducing sugar content increased rapidly in the earlier stage and slowly in the latter time, phenolic compounds content、Vc and titratable acid content decreased constantly, AAO and PPO activity rose constantly. Mathematical statistics showed, in the conditions of room and cold temperature, Vc content were negatively correlated with the AAO activity significantly, r=-0.976、r=-0.882, respectively; phenolic compounds content were negatively correlated with the PPO activity significantly, r=-0.993、r=-0.964, respectively.5. According to effect of 1-MCP treatment on firmness、reducing sugar、Vc and titratable acid content, determined the optimum time of 1-MCP treatment was 12h.6. The results of physiology index study showed that fig fruit was treated with different concentrations (1.0,1.5 and 2.0μL·L^-1) 1-MCP had inhibited respiration rate and ethylene production, postponed fastigium appearance of respiration and ethylene production and decreased fastigium value; delayed the decline CAT, POD and SOD activities; and inhibited O2.- production、activities of ACO、ACS and AAO activity, contents of H2O2、ACC and MDA , and the increasing of relative electric conductivity. The optimum concentration of 1-MCP was 1.5μL·L^-1 under condition of cold storage for 30 d.7. The results of quality index study showed that fig fruit was treated with different concentrations (4.18 mg·m^-3, 8.56 mg·m^-3, 12.84 mg·m^-3 and 17.12 mg·m^-3) ozone had slower loss of firmness; reduced the losing of reducing sugar, titratable acid and Vc content. The optimum concentration of ozone was 12.84 mg·m^-3 under condition of cold storage for 30d, being significantly lower （P<0.01） than of control.8. The results of physiology index study showed that fig fruit was treated with different concentrations (4.18 mg·m^-3, 8.56 mg·m^-3, 12.84 mg·m^-3 and 17.12 mg·m^-3) ozone had inhibited respiration rate and ethylene production, postponed fastigium appearance of respiration and ethylene production and decreased fastigium value; delayed the decline of CAT、POD and SOD activities; and inhibited O2.- production、content of H2O2 and MDA, and the increasing of relative electric conductivity. The optimum concentration of ozone was 12.84 mg·m^-3under condition of cold storage for 30d.9. After picking, transportation and pre-handle, the main microorganisms were bacteria, saccharomycetes and mould on opening hole under fig fruit, during the whole storage, ozone treatment obviously inhibited the increase of bacteria, saccharomycetes and mould, reduced the rotten deterioration, and extended the storage date.更多还原