不干涉与务实合作：试析中国在非洲的软实力

【作者】 Max Rebol；

【导师】 任晓；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 国际关系， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 从学者的角度来看,中非关系值得两个方面的关注：比较视角探析30年来中国和非洲不同的发展路径；双边视角关注中国和非洲之间的交流及其对发展的影响。本文考察中国对非洲的吸引力及其所生成的软实力,同时涉及两个视角。比较视角着眼于不同的制度和政策以及中国的发展成就对非洲的吸引力。本文将在以下章节展开论述：治理合法性一章介绍了处于不同发展阶段的中国和非洲的不同政治体制的特征。随之主要关注体制政策转让性这一问题。本文强调中国对非关系中致力于多极化,而不是一味地论述中国自身的发展经验对非洲的借鉴之处。比较“北京共识”和“华盛顿共识”后表明,二者不但在内容上不同,更为重要的是双方对普遍化的不同主张。双边合作视角下的吸引力常常涉及中非关系史的发展。中非关系史一章综述了中国对非洲解放运动的支持,及其致力于反殖、反帝和反霸。但正如中非关系并不止于历史,本文继续探讨当今中非关系的最显著的特点：经济合作。除贸易和投资之外,本文解释自然资源与基础设施交易所具有的吸引力。接下来对文化的讨论分为两个部分：其一是公共文化、传统与文化、文化和社会等的吸引力。其二是源于中国对伙伴国家文化的尊重而生成的吸引力。援助一章展示中国和西方对非援助的不同。尤其强调经济发展到社会基本需求的转移,并说明中国如何成功的填补他国留下的缺口。继而讨论西方捐助者对非的有条件援助,相比中国凭其方式而获得的吸引力。最后,贯穿全文的主旨是中国的不干涉政策的含义和其所衍生的吸引力。舆论一章采用民意作为软实力的指标,并对诸多的非洲民意调查进行了比较。该章以精选的能够充分表明非洲对中国的民意形成过程的案例为结尾。本文的研究旨趣在于近年来中非关系增进的原因,确定中国逐渐增加的软实力扮演了的重要角色。本文提出促生中国吸引力的因素主要是实用主义、不干涉政策和其对多极世界格局的主张。更多还原

【Abstract】 From a development scholar’s perspective, two aspects of China Africa relations have attracted attention:The comparative perspective, which asks about why the African countries and China have developed so differently over the last 30 years, while the bilateral perspective looks at the dynamics between China and Africa and its effects for development. For this paper, which focuses on China’s attraction to Africa, and its resulting soft power, both aspects are relevant.The comparative perspective looks at the different institutions and policies and attraction that successful development in China yields to Africa. This paper deals with this in the following chapters and sections:The Chapter on legitimacy of governance looks at the characteristics of the different political systems between China and most of Africa in the different stages of development. The next part which compares the political systems focuses largely on the questions of transferability. Rather than looking which aspects of China’s development experience are relevant for Africa, it analyzes China’s commitment to multi-polarity in its relations with Africa. The comparison between the terms Beijing consensus and Washington consensus shows differences not in terms of contents but more importantly, its respective claims for universality. Attraction from bilateral cooperation in many ways relates to the historic development of China Africa relations. The chapter on History looks at China’s support for African liberation movements and its commitment to anti-colonialism, anti-imperialism and anti-hegemony. But as China-Africa relations don’t stop with history, the paper continues with the most defining feature of today’s China Africa relations, the economic cooperation. Besides trade and investment, this paper explains the attraction of resources-for-infrastructure deals.The following discussion on culture splits into two parts. First, the attraction of Chinese culture in terms of public culture, traditions and religion and culture and society and second, the attraction that stems from the respect the China shows for the culture of the partner country. Moving on in the bilateral relationship, the chapter on Aid points at the differences between Western and Chinese aid to Africa. Especially it focuses on the shift from economic development to basic social needs, and how has China successfully stepped in to fill this gap. It goes on to discuss the conditionality that Western donors attach to their aid to Africa and the attraction of China’s alternative approach. A final point which leads throughout the paper like a red thread is the Chinese non-interference policy, its implications and attraction.On the evaluation side, this paper takes public opinion as a proxy for soft power, and compares several opinion surveys on Africa views towards China. This part concludes with a short selection of case studies that illustrate how opinions towards China in Africa are formed. This paper is interested in the reasons for intensifying China Africa relations in recent years, and identifies the role of China’s growing soft power. The factors it proposes for triggering this growing attraction are China’s pragmatism, non interference and a commitment to multi polarity.更多还原