【作者】 徐九仙；

【导师】 任晓；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 国际政治， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 外交是一个道德选择困难的领域,但同时也是一个道德选择适宜的领域。道义因素是一国外交的重要维度,而一国外交的道义因素往往同本国的传统文化有着密切的关联。当代中国外交的道义因素也表现出受中国传统文化影响的特性,这种特性在传统文化中又初步具有儒家伦理表征。因此,本文以当代中国外交的道义因素为研究对象,提出一个基本的研究假设：当代中国外交的道义因素在整体上具有儒家伦理特征。为此,我们尝试性地提出了一个综合、多元的先秦儒家道义思想体系,以此为切入点系统地探讨当代中国外交道义因素的儒家伦理取向问题以及未来中国外交伦理的可能形态。本文之所以采用先秦儒家道义思想,主要是由于它形成于春秋战国时期,较好地保留了孔孟等儒家经典作家的原意。而且春秋战国时期的国际体系与标准的无政府状态体系最为相似,因而也初步具有国家间道义思想的性质。因此先秦儒家道义思想体系对于研究当代中国外交道义和伦理问题具有重要意义。本文将通过对当代中国外交理念和外交实践两个层面的考察,系统地论述中国外交的道义因素在连贯性和整体性上所呈现出的先秦儒家道义思想体系的特征。从先秦儒家道义思想体系的角度解读当代中国外交的道义因素,可以更好地理解中国的外交战略和理念(如和平共处五项原则)以及相关实践(如对外援助)中所表现出的差异性。本文主要对下列一些问题进行了系统地研究和探讨：先秦儒家道义思想体系的整体逻辑；当代中国外交的道义因素的历史回顾和整体评价；中国外交的道义因素是否以及在多大程度上表现出了儒家伦理特征。关于先秦儒家道义思想的整体逻辑,本文提出了一个综合、多元的道德伦理体系。该体系包含了对道德目的与手段、实然与应然、责任与良心的一般性规定,仁爱、贵义和崇和三大道德原则的归纳以及“恕道”和“仁道”两大伦理精神的总结。这三大道德原则之间具有一定的内在逻辑和哲学基础,侧重于道德的动机、过程和结果等不同层面,每个原则都具有丰富的道德内涵。仁爱原则表现为爱人思想、爱物思想和“行仁之方”的忠恕之道。贵义原则表现为对“人之所宜”的道德标准的遵从。义利关系及其第一性上的“义以为上”和“先义后利”。义利关系及其互通性上的“义利相宜”和“以义兴利”。崇和原则表现为“和而不同”的协调思想和和平主义的价值追求。关于中国外交道义因素的历史回顾和整体评价,我们主要从外交理念和外交实践两个层面进行。通过对这两个层面的考察,我们发现中国外交的道义因素在整体和连贯性上确实表现出一定的儒家伦理特征。为此,我们对在多大程度上表现了儒家伦理特征进行了进一步考察。相应地我们从如下两个层面展开：第一个层面,我们选择了和平共处五项原则进行深入而具体的分析。作为中国外交的指导原则,和平共处五项原则奠定了中国外交理念的基础,贯穿于当代中国外交不同的历史发展阶段。第二个层面,我们选择了三个典型的外交案例进行分析。这三个外交案例分别对应和平共处五项原则的三个层面,国家主权原则、经济原则和安全原则(国际秩序观)。这三个外交案例研究分别为中缅边界划界问题解决中的仁爱取向、中国对外经济援助中的贵义取向和中国核战略中的崇和取向。最后,本文得出的结论是,当代中国外交的道义因素在一定程度上和范围内表现出儒家伦理的特征,但总体而言,主要是表现在先秦儒家道义思想体系的“恕道”层次上。上述问题引发了我们对先秦儒家道义思想体系在未来中国外交伦理形态重塑中所扮演角色的进一步思考。从性质上看,先秦儒家伦理的道义思想是一种“强道义模式”。近年来,随着中国经济实力的增长和综合国力的不断提升,中国外交是否应该更加突出这种道义思想的因素,追求一种“强实力、强道义”的外交伦理形态?本文持认同和支持这一观点,因为这同中国国家成长和外交转型的内在逻辑是具有一致性的。当然,对这一问题还需要做进一步的研究和探讨。更多还原

【Abstract】 It’s difficult to make a moral choice in the area of diplomacy; however, diplomacy is usually made up of many moral choices. Morality factors are important dimensions of foreign policy, which are always closely related to a country’s cultural tradition. Morality factors of contemporary Chinese diplomacy also show the influence of Chinese cultural tradition, especially the influence of Confucian ethics. Therefore, this study examines the moral factors of China’s contemporary diplomacy, and hypothesizes that Confucian ethics shapes the moral considerations of China’s contemporary diplomacy as a whole. For this purpose, we attempt to build a comprehensive and diversified moral system of pre-Qin Confucian thoughts. Using this traditional moral system, we assess the Confucian orientations and the possible forms of morality in contemporary Chinese diplomacy. The reason that we adopt pre-Qin Confucian moral thoughts is mainly because it was formed during the Spring & Autumn Warring States Period and its classic thinkers’such as Confucius and Mencius’s original thoughts have been well preserved. Furthermore, the political system between states during the Spring & Autumn Warring States Period is most similar to stereotypical anarchy; therefore it has already manifested the nature of Inter-state moral thoughts. Thus it yields important implications for the study of morality and ethical issues of contemporary Chinese diplomacy.By investigating and expanding on both the ideal and practical aspects of contemporary Chinese diplomacy, this study systematically examine the features of the pre-Qin Confucian moral thoughts as reflected in contemporary Chinese diplomacy as a whole. To study the morality aspects of contemporary Chinese diplomacy from the perspective of pre-Qin Confucian moral thoughts system provides a better interpretation of the differences of the diplomatic strategies, ideas (such as the five principles of peaceful coexistence) and practices (such as Chinese Foreign Aid) of contemporary Chinese diplomacy. This study systematically analyzes the following issues:a) The holistic logic of pre-Qin ethics system; b) Historic review and general evaluation of the morality factors of Chinese diplomacy; c) To what extent do the morality factors of China’s contemporary diplomacy manifest characteristics of Confucian ethics.This paper proposes a comprehensive and diversified moral ethics system, based on the holistic logics of pre-Qin Confucian thoughts. This system includes general norms about the purposes and means of morality, about the de facto and the normative, as well as the obligations and conscience. Also in the system are the trio ethic principles of benevolence, integrity and harmony, with dual ethic spirits of consideration and benevolence. Some intrinsic logical and philosophical common ground exists in between the three principles, which emphasize distinct facets for the motives, process and consequences of moral pratice. Each principle has rich moral contents. Specifically, benevolence stipulates love for others, care with things, benevolent acts of Confucius as well as loyalty and consideration for others. The integrity principle requires conformity to the rule of righteousness and the priority of integrity over interest. The principle of harmony, however, manifests itself as the ideal to maintain difference and harmony, featuring the value of pacifism.We evaluate and review the morality factors of Chinese diplomacy from an ideal and a practical angle. Via examinations from both aspects, we found the morality factors of Chinese diplomacy manifest features of Confucius ethics as a whole. Furthermore, we investigated the strength of Confucius impact on Chinese diplomacy. We unfold the analyses from two layers:On one hand, we analyzed the five principles of peaceful coexistence to some depth. As a guiding principle of China’s diplomacy, this principle laid the foundation of Chinese diplomatic notions, and penetrated the different development phases of Chinese diplomacy. On the other hand, we studied three representative cases, which embody the three levels of the five principles of peaceful coexistence:namely, state sovereignty principle, economic principle, and international order. Specifically, the benevolence principle in the resolution of China-Myanmar border conflicts, the integrity orientation in China’s International aids, and the harmony principle in China’s nuclear strategy are elaborated.In conclusion, the morality factors of China’s diplomacy reflect Confucian ethics to some extent and in certain aspects. However, as a whole, it mainly reflects the "Consideration for others" principle in pre-Qin Confucian thought system. These issues prompt us to further contemplate the role pre-Qin Confucius thought system plays in re-building China’s diplomacy ethics, in the future. By nature, pre-Qin Confucius thought of integrity constitutes a strong integrity model. Recently, as China’s economic power and national power ascend, should China’s diplomacy accentuate the role of these ethical ideals to create a "strength and integrity" mode of diplomatic ethics? Our study supports this view, as it matches the internal logic of China’s national growth and diplomatic transformation. More discussion and analyses are needed on this issue.更多还原