当代中国族际关系治理分析

【作者】 欧黎明；

【导师】 周平；

【作者基本信息】 云南大学 ， 民族政治与公共行政， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 族际关系治理“是当代多民族国家民族政治生活中的首要问题”。①所谓族际关系治理,从政治学角度来看,就是民族国家运用国家权力对影响族际关系和谐、稳定、发展的政治、经济、文化及社会各类要素进行调适、整合、克服、消除的政治过程。其实质是“民族国家运用国家权力,将国内各民族结合成一个统一的政治共同体,以及维护这个共同体的政治过程。”②其目的是通过对民族关系的协调和治理,保证民族国家与国家内构成民族之间的良性互动与良性发展。族际关系治理的核心是价值取向的选择问题。对价值取向的选择并不是一成不变的,而是由民族国家建设所处的历史阶段性所决定的。在民族与国家结合的过程中,为了使民族拥有一个能够维护自身利益的政治共同体,现实民族的独立和自强,需要以民族为中心来构建一个政治共同体——民族国家,因此,“以民族为中心的国家构建”的特征十分明显,主要体现出鲜明的“民族主义”的价值.取向选择；在民族与国家结合完成后,为了维护各民族共同的政治共同体——民族国家的主权与权威,实现民族国家的高度统一,需要以国家为中心来构建一个具有共同政治认同的国家民族,因此,“以国家为中心的民族构建”的特征十分明显,主要体现出鲜明的“国家主义”的价值取向选择。一种价值取向选择能够多大程度上构建一个国家,就会在多大程度上解构一个民族国家。因此,科学地判定民族国家所处的阶段性,进行合理的价值取向选择和调整,是当代族际关系治理的核心问题。从当代中国族际关系治理的具体历史过程来看,新中国成立以来,在中国共产党的领导下,各民族拥有了发展新型族际关系的平台,为当代中国族际关系的和谐发展奠定了制度基础和提供了政治前提。但是数千年历史中所形成的旧有族际关系格局仍是一种现实存在,并发挥着双重影响：一方面是各民族相互交融、表现为良性关系的持续、延伸与发展；另一方面则是各民族之间摩擦冲突、表现为非良性关系的继续存在。严峻的国际环境,资本主义国家体系将我国族际关系中非良性关系视为颠覆新中国政权的一个重要突破口。这些情况决定了新中国成立以后,很长一个时期内党和国家族际关系治理的价值取向选择,主要是在维护传统族际关系历史格局基础上,消除少数民族与汉族之间的差别,推动各个少数民族的发展,使其真正成为掌握国家政权的民族,致力于巩固新生的民族国家与国家政权。可以说,1956年“一化三改造”完成以后,到1978年改革开放之前,我国族际关系治理更多体现出“以民族为中心的国家构建”的特征,即民族到国家的“民族主义”价值取向。1978年改革开放以后,随着国家对内改革、对外开放的全面深入,国家获得了快速发展。这一时期,各民族作为中华民族的一员,都获得了巨大的利益,但是从国内视野来看,各民族所获得的利益是非均衡的。尽管所有民族都获得了发展,但是民族之间的差距却呈现出了持续扩大的局面。国内民族之间、尤其是同其他国家内民族之间发展情况的对比,激发了国内各个民族的整体性意识,民族对自我的认同不断增强。而民族意识的增强,确实也为民族在与国家的博弈中带来了诸多现实利益,这在一定的程度上诱发了民族意识的进一步增强。同时,世界民族国家体系内“民族主义”思潮中“民族分离主义”及“泛民族主义”的兴起,对我国民族国家建设构成了现实威胁,“以民族为中心的国家构建”的价值取向选择亟待调整。从西方发达民族国家的经验来看,当代中国在民族国家建立完成后,为了减少国内族际关系中非良性关系对民族国家的冲击,应将族际关系治理价值取向调整到更加注重“以国家为中心的民族构建”上来,通过这一价值取向选择,构建具有共同认同的国家民族,从而为当代中国民族国家建设提供坚实的民族基础。但是,族际关系治理的价值取向作为一种意识形态,并不具备自我实现的能力,必须通过民族国家的政治、经济、文化和社会等方式来实现对族际关系的具体治理。族际关系治理的价值取向与治理方式之间存在着这样的关系：价值取向离不开具体手段的支撑,只有合理的价值取向,没有强大的国家机器及必要的手段做支撑,价值取向无法独立的发挥作用,这也能部分地解释为什么具有相似族际关系问题,相同价值取向选择的国家,其治理结果差异很大的问题；而具体的治理方式离开了合理的价值取向为指导,不仅无法解决族际关系问题,甚至会在某种程度上导致族际关系问题激化,影响民族国家建设,甚至导致民族国家解体,这一问题在当代民族国家体系中也不乏实例。族际关系治理的价值取向,总是会在具体的治理方式中得以体现,而通过对族际关系治理方式的分析,也可以分析出一个阶段内族际关系治理的基本价值取向。因此,当代中国族际关系治理分析的关键,就是透过纷繁复杂的治理方式,考察隐藏在其背后的价值取向选择问题。当代中国族际关系治理是通过族际关系治理价值取向与族际关系治理方式之间的具体互动来实现的,而这一关系鲜明地体现在民族国家建设与民族国家发展的互动关系之中。所谓的民族国家建设,就是民族国家运用国家权力,将国内各民族结合成一个统一的政治共同体,以及维护这个共同体的政治过程,①而民族国家建设的核心内容,是由民族国家基本特征民族性、人民性和主权性等三个基本特征派生而来的,是通过不断增强民族国家基本特征而得以实现的。只有持续进行这三个方面的建设,保证各民族对国家政权的控制、保证各民族对国家领土的认同与维护,保证各民族权利的平等与实现,才能保证国家的生存与发展。可以说,以民族国家基本特征为内容的国家建设构成了当代中国族际关系的价值向度,无论是“以民族为中心的国家构建”,还是以“以国家为中心的民族构建”,都是具体包含着民族性、人民性及主权性这三个具体的价值建设内容。所谓的民族国家发展,就是民族国家构成民族在国家的政治、经济、文化和社会等基本制度引导下的发展。首先体现为横向发展,即民族政治、经济、文化和社会四者之间在各民族中的均衡、合理发展上。四者均衡发展,是当代中国民族国家构成民族获得充分发展的必要条件和根本保证。其次体现为纵向发展,即民族政治、经济、文化和社会四者之间发展的连贯性与持续性。对于当代中国来说,民族国家发展是民族国家持续存在的现实任务。没有国家发展,就没有民族发展,民族发展是民族国家发展的载体与最终目的。因此,当代中国民族国家发展中的政治、经济、文化及社会发展,事实上就是民族国家构成民族的政治、经济、文化和社会的具体发展,而各民族政治、经济、文化及社会发展状况及由此而形成交错复杂的族际关系,恰恰是当代中国族际关系治理的对象。从这意义上来说,当代中国国家政治、经济、文化及社会发展中关于族际关系治理的内容,就构成了族际关系治理的主要方式。民族国家建设与民族国家发展之间的互动贯穿了当代民族国家族际关系治理的全过程。民族国家建设作为一种基本的价值取向,由族际关系政治、经济、文化和社会治理等维度中民族性、人民性及主权性特征的分向度构成；而族际关系政治、经济、文化和社会治理等维度中也必然体现着民族性、人民性及主权性特征等向度,成为族际关系治理价值取向的主要标杆。基于以上认识,本研究将族际关系治理中所蕴含的价值取向与治理维度之间的互动关系,作为当代中国族际关系治理的分析框架与根本方法来使用。有鉴于此,本研究基于民族国家建设与民族国家发展之间互动的分析框架,对当代中国族际关系进行了分政治治理、经济治理、文化治理及社会治理视野的描述和分析,构成了本研究的主要内容。首先分视野地对我国族际关系治理中的主要方式及功能进行了梳理。其次,在对治理的主要方式进行分析的基础上,对其中所蕴含的族际关系治理的价值取向进行了具体、详细的分析,对其中的问题进行了总结。再次,对经过几十年治理后,当代中国的族际关系中的新情况与问题进行了具体分析。总体上来说,本研究回顾了当代中国族际关系的治理背景,探讨了族际关系治理的深层次价值取向选择动因,评价了族际关系治理的得与失,提出了为了应对族际关系的新变化、新问题,应将治理价值取向从“以民族为中心的国家构建”转换到更加注重“以国家为中心的民族构建”上来的具体建议。当然,当代中国的族际关系治理,是涉及到民族和民族国家这对复杂的社会历史现象的一个政治过程,既要兼顾“民族属性”,满足“多民族国家的特点与各民族生存和发展的内在要求”①,即民族主义的国家建设与发展要求；又要兼顾“国家属性”,保证各民族的发展必须有利于政治共同体的统一与维护,即国家主义的国家建设与发展要求。离开了民族国家建设的向度,背离了维护多民族国家统一的价值取向,族际关系治理就会偏离正确轨道,破坏民族国家的存在；离开了民族国家发展——在横向与纵向方面的均衡发展,背离了充分尊重各民族在各级建设与发展中的经济、政治、文化和社会权益和利益,民族国家建设就无法得到各民族的支持和认同,民族国家建设也无法实现。简言之,当代中国的族际关系治理,必须具体问题具体分析,区分不同民族和不同区域,既注重民族认同意识的维护,又强化国家认同意识的生成,避免从一个极端走向另一个极端,一种倾向掩盖另一种倾向。在这一认识的基础上,本研究最后对当代中国族际关系治理进行了反思和总结,提出了应该转换当代中国族际关系治理的价值取向、调整治理路径,构建族际关系治理价值取向的评估机制,并对中国族际关系治理的价值取向选择、具体治理路径及族际关系治理价值取向的评估机制构建,提出了有针对性的建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Interracial relations governance is the key issue in peoples’political life of a contemporary multinational state." The so-called interracial relations governance, from the politics point of view, is a political process in which the national state uses its state power to adjust, integrate, reduce and eliminate those political, economic, cultural and social elements which have influences on the harmony, stability and development of the interracial relations. Its essence "is the political process in which the national state uses its power to unify all ethnic groups into a political community and assert its rights". Its purpose is to ensure the virtuous interaction and development between the national state and the nationalities in the state by coordinating and governing the relationships among different nationalities.The core of interracial relations governance is the choosing of value orientation. The choosing of value orientation is not unalterable, but can be altered with the historical period of time during which the construction of the national state was conducted. In the process of integration of the nationalities and the state, if any nationality wants to own a political community that is capable of protecting its rights, to realize its independence and its self-improvement, it’s necessary for the nationality to construct a political community that’s nationality-centered, namely, a national state, which is of apparent characteristics of "the construction of the state that is nationality-centered and which embodies a direct choosing of value orientation to "nationalism"; After the integration of the nationalities and the state, in order to protect the political community of all nationalities—the sovereignty and authority of the national state, and to realize the high integration of the national state, it’s necessary to construct a state nationality with common political identity, which is of apparent characteristics of "the construction of the nationality that is state-centered" and which embodies a direct choosing of value orientation to "stateism". How much the value orientation can construct the national state depends on how much the value orientation can construct the state. So, a scientific judge of the right period which the national state is in, and the reasonable choosing and adjustment of value orientation is the necessity of the contemporary interracial relations governance.When we look back at the history of interracial relations governance in contemporary China, ever since the founding of People’s Republic of China, with the leadership of the CPC, all nationalities have the platform to develop new interracial relations, which lays a systematical foundation and provides a political premise for the harmonious development of the interracial relationship in contemporary China. However, the traditional interracial relations formed during the past thousands of years still exist, and are having double effects:on the one hand, different nationalities are blending with each other, which we can tell from sustaining, extending and developing of the favorable relations; on the other hand, different nationalities are confronting with friction and confliction with each other, which we can see from the existence of unfavorable relations. In the severe international environment, the capitalist camp has regarded the unfavorable relations as the outbreak to overthrow the newly-founded state, China. Because of this, after the founding of People’s Republic of China, for the CPC and the state, the choosing of value orientation in interracial relations governance is to uphold the traditional interracial relations, to eliminate the differences between the ethnic groups and the Han nationality, and to promote the development of the ethnic groups so as to make them the nationalities that hold the reins of government and focus on reinforce the new national state and the state power. We can say that, after the movement of "industrialization and transformation of agriculture, handicraft and capitalist industry and commerce" in 1956, and before the reform and opening up in 1978, interracial relations governance in China is more of the characteristic of "the construction of a state that is nationality-centered", i.e. from the nationality to the state "nationalism" value orientation. After the reform and opening up in 1978, with further reform within the state and more opening up to the outside world, the state is developing very fast. During this period, as a member of the Chinese nation, all nationalities were benefiting a lot. But from the state perspective, different nationalities enjoyed unbalancing benefits. Although all nationalities are making progress, the gap among different nationalities has been keeping growing. The comparison with other nationalities within the state and with other nationalities in other states has stimulated the awareness of integrity of its own nationality and strengthened its self-identity. The strong national consciousness has brought some realistic interests for the nationality when it is playing game with the state, and in certain degree had given rise to a new upsurge of the national consciousness. At the same time, the rise of "ethnic separatism" and "pan-nationalism" in the national states all over the world has constituted a real threat to the construction of China’s national state. It’s urgent to change the value orientation of "the construction of a state that is nationality-centered". According to the experiences of western developed national states, after we have completed the construction of the national state in contemporary China, in order to reduce the impact of the unfavorable relations among different ethnic groups within the state on the national state, the value orientation in the interracial relations governance should be changed to "the construction of the nation that is state-centered". The change of choosing of value orientation has helped construct a national state with one common identity and provided a solid national foundation to construct a national state in contemporary China.Yet, the value orientation in the interracial relations governance is only a kind of ideology, it is not capable of self-actualization. The implementation of the interracial relations governance can only be achieved by political, economic, cultural and social approaches in the national state. The relationship between the value orientation in the interracial relations governance and the approaches of governance is as follows:the value orientation is meaningless without the support of concrete approaches. The value orientation cannot work with reasonable value orientation only but without support of the powerful state apparatus and some other necessary approaches, which partly explains why states with similar interracial relation problems and similar value orientations may get quite different results of governance; while without guidance of the reasonable value orientations, the concrete approaches cannot solve any interracial relation problems, and will even intensify the problems, show negative impact on the construction of the state, and even worse disintegrate the state. Cases like that can be seen in some national states. The value orientation in the interracial relations governance is always embodied in some concrete approaches of governance. The value orientation in the interracial relations governance during a certain period of time can be seen from the analysis of the approaches of governance. Therefore, the key to analysis on the interracial relations governance is to investigate problems of choosing of value orientation lying behind it by looking through the complicated approaches of governance.The interracial relations governance in contemporary China can only be realized by the interaction between the value orientation of the interracial relations governance and the approaches to the interracial relations governance.The so called construction of a national state is a political process of integrating all ethnic groups into one common political community and protecting the community by state power. And the chief idea of the construction of a national state is derived by three basic characteristics of a national state, namely, nationality, service to people, and sovereignty, and can only be realized by enhancing the basic characteristics of a national state. Only by constructing nationality, service to people, and sovereignty continuously to guarantee all nationalities’governance of the state power, recognition and protection of the state territory and equality and realization of rights for all nationalities can the survival and development of the state be guaranteed. The construction of the state that is of national state characteristics forms the value orientation in the interracial relations governance in contemporary China. Whether it is "the construction of a state that is nationality-centered" or "the construction of a nationality that is state-centered", it is the construction of three basic and specific aspects, namely, nationality, service to people, and sovereignty. The so called development of the national state is, in fact, the development of all nationalities which constitutes the national state in areas of politics, economics, culture and society. First of all, the development is embodied in the lateral development, that is, the balanced and reasonable development of all nationalities in areas of politics, economics, culture and society. The balanced development in the four areas is the necessary conditions and fundamental guarantee for all nationalities which constitutes the national state in contemporary China to develop adequately. Then the development is embodied in the vertical development, that is, the consistence and persistence in the development of all nationalities in areas of politics, economics, culture and society.As to contemporary China, the development of the national state is its practical task of its continuous existence as a national state. Without the development of the state, there will be no development of the nationalities. The development of the nationalities is the carrier and the ultimate goal of the development of the national state. The development in areas of politics, economics, culture and society in the development of the national state in contemporary China is the development of all nationalities which constitutes the national state in areas of politics, economics, culture and society. The situation of the development of all nationalities in areas of politics, economics, culture and society and the therefore formed complicated interracial relations make the subjects of the interracial relations governance in contemporary China. This explains the fact that the subjects of the interracial relations governance during the development in areas of politics, economics, culture and society in contemporary China shape the main approaches to the interracial relations governance.The interaction between the construction and the development of the national state plays an important role in the course of the interracial relations governance in contemporary China. The construction of the national state as a fundamental value orientation consists of trends of nationality, service to people, and sovereignty among political, economic cultural and social dimensions in the interracial relations governance. And the trends of nationality, service to people, and sovereignty revealed in the political, economic cultural and social dimensions in the interracial relations governance make the benchmarks in the value orientation of the interracial relations governance. Based on what’s discussed above, the research has taken the interaction between value orientation and governance dimensions behind the interracial relations governance as the analytical framework of and fundamental approach to the interracial relations governance in contemporary China.Under such background, and based on the analytical framework of the interaction between the construction of the national state and the development of the national state, this research focuses on the description of and analysis on the interracial relations governance in contemporary China from the political, economic, cultural and social perspective respectively. Firstly, the research combs the main approaches to and functions of the interracial relations governance in China from different perspectives. Secondly, after the analysis on the main approaches to governance, it analyzes value orientation behind the interracial relations governance in detail and summarizes problems resulting from it. Thirdly, it analyzes the new situation and the new problems of the interracial relations governance in contemporary China after decades’ governance. On the whole, the research first looks back at the background of the interracial relations governance in contemporary China, discusses inner motivation of choosing of value orientation of interracial relations governance, evaluates the merits and demerits in the interracial relations governance and then makes concrete suggestions that in order to handle the new change and the new problem in the interracial relations we need to change value orientation of governance from "the construction of a state that’s nationality-centered" to "the construction of a nationality that’s state-centered".It’s evident that, the interracial relations governance in contemporary China is a political process which involves the complicated social and historical phenomenon: the nationality and the national state. So we need to take both "the attributes of a nationality" and "the attributes of a state" into consideration. On the one hand, we have to match "the needs that are intrinsic to a multinational state and existence and development of all nationalities", or, the requirements of construction and development of a state that’s nationality-centered; on the other, we have to guarantee the development of all nationalities being favorable to the unification and safeguard of the state, or, the requirements of construction and development of a state that’s state-centered. Once deviated from the trend of construction of the national state and from the value orientation of safeguard the unification of the multinational state, the interracial relations governance will stray away from the right track and will destroy the existence of the national state; once deviated from the development of the national state—the balanced development in lateral and vertical dimension—and from respecting the political, economic, cultural and social rights and interests of all nationalities in the construction at all levels, the construction of the national state will lose support and reorganization from all nationalities and therefore cannot be achieved.Simply put, as far as the interracial relations governance is concerned, we need to analyze particular problems according to different ethnic groups and regions. We need to safeguard the consciousness of ethnic identity and strengthen the formation of the consciousness of national identity. We need to avoid moving from one extreme into another, and covering one tendency with another.Based on this, the research reflects and summarizes the interracial relations governance in contemporary China, proposes to change the value orientation in the interracial relations governance, adjust approaches to governance and construct an evaluation mechanism of value orientation in the interracial relations governance. And the research makes corresponding suggestions about choosing of value orientation in the interracial relations governance, constructing concrete approaches to governance and an evaluation mechanism of value orientation in the interracial relations governance.更多还原