【作者】 闵育娜；

【导师】 刘福柱； P.W.Waldroup；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 动物学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 近年来,新兴的生物燃料工业在世界范围内徒然兴起。然而,随之带来了另外一个问题即是:新型生物能源的开发会产生大量的生物燃料副产品。目前国外的研究普遍关注酒糟(DDGS),甘油(glycerin),双低菜籽粕(canola meal,CM)等生物燃料副产品的利用,如不能合理利用则可能对环境造成一定威胁。再者,生物燃料制造业也会与畜牧业争夺原料,这样可能加剧饲料资源短缺,增加生产成本。故而,开发利用新的饲料资源,特别是合理利用环保型的诸如生物燃料工业副产品,不仅对环境保护、而且对畜牧业的发展具有重大现实意义。目前这些环保型生物资源作为动物饲料原料潜在的重要价值尚未有深入研究。本研究以酒糟、甘油、双低菜籽粕为代表,旨在系统评估酒糟和甘油、酒糟和双低菜粕在肉鸡日粮中配合使用对其生产性能及胴体组成的影响,添加不同的酶制剂对高水平酒糟日粮的改良效果的可行性,以及酒糟对肉鸡肉品质、肠道生理及肉质抗氧化性的影响,以期为以酒糟为主的生物燃料副产品等替代型饲料资源在肉鸡产业上的应用提供理论和实践依据,本试验主要部分在美国阿肯色大学家禽科学系完成。试验一酒糟、甘油配合应用替代玉米—豆粕型日粮原料饲喂肉仔鸡效果研究试验采用3×2因子试验设计,600只初生Cobb500肉仔鸡随机进行分组,酒糟和甘油占日粮水平分别为0,15%,30%和0, 5%,按可消化氨基酸基础设计日粮并加工制粒。试验共计6个处理,每处理设4个重复,试验期为42d。结果表明:日粮添加30%的酒糟对肉仔鸡体增重没有显著影响(P>0.05),但与对照组比较,肉仔鸡的采食量增加,饲料转化率和屠宰率显著下降(P<0.05),而胸肌率未受显著影响(P>0.05);日粮添加5%的甘油对肉仔鸡的体重、饲料采食量、饲料转化率、屠宰率和其他胴体性能均无显著影响(P>0.05)。并且酒糟和甘油之间没有互作效应。结论:以可消化氨基酸基础设计日粮,以15%酒糟作为替代玉米—豆粕型日粮成分,对肉仔鸡生产性能、胴体性能、饲料转化效率均无负面影响;如果在制粒工艺质量提高情况下,酒糟在肉仔鸡日粮中的替代比例可能还会提高,但会造成肉仔鸡的屠宰率下降;在此替代方案下,用占日粮5%的甘油作为能量替代资源亦可取得理想的饲养效果。试验二酒糟、双低菜粕配合应用替代玉米—豆粕型日粮原料饲喂肉仔鸡效果研究试验采用6×6因子设计,试验设置36个处理,每处理设6个重复。1,080只1日龄的Cobb500商品代肉公鸡随机分组,酒糟的添加水平为0, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%和25%,双低菜粕的水平为0, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%和25%。试验期为18d。日粮以可消化氨基酸基础设计并制粒,日粮颗粒粒度为3.17-mm。试期末测定肉仔鸡体重与饲料消耗、饲料的单位容重以及饲料粉化率。结果表明,酒糟和双低菜粕配合应用替代玉米—豆粕型日粮原料以及二者的互作效应显著影响肉仔鸡的采食量和体增重(P<0.05);随着日粮双低菜粕添加量的提高肉仔鸡采食量和体增重急剧下降(P<0.01),但饲料转化率不受其影响(P>0.05);酒糟和双低菜粕以及二者的互作显著影响饲料的粉化率(P<0.05),但对饲料单位单位容重的影响不显著(P>0.05)。经回归分析,饲料粉化率显著影响肉仔鸡采食量和体增重,但饲料单位容重和生产性能之间没有明确的相关关系。结论:对肉仔鸡而言,酒糟和双低菜粕配合应用替代玉米—豆粕型日粮原料,二者占日粮比例分别不超过20%和10%为宜。试验三Allzyme SSF(?)和Rovabio Excel(?)两种酶制剂对高水平酒糟替代型日粮肉仔鸡能量利用率的影响本试验分为两个代谢试验完成:分别评估两种不同构份酶制剂——Allzyme SSF(?)和Rovabio Excel(?)对高水平酒糟(30%)替代型日粮肉仔鸡能量的利用效率,其中Allzyme SSF(?)酶制剂主要成分为:淀粉酶、纤维素酶、植酸酶等,Rovabio Excel(?)酶制剂主要成分为:木聚糖酶和β-葡聚糖酶。试验采用2×4因子试验设计,对照组为玉米-豆粕型日粮,试验组为高水平酒糟日粮(30%)加2种不同的酶制剂(Allzyme SSF和Rovabio Excel)。酶制剂分别按生产厂家推荐的添加水平、2倍于推荐水平、4倍于推荐水平添加。代谢试验Ⅰ评估酶制剂Allzyme SSF,试验Ⅱ评估酶制剂Rovabio Excel。15日龄(试验Ⅰ)或20日龄(试验Ⅱ)的肉公鸡随机分配于处理组中,每处理设3个重复。硅藻土(CeliteTM)作为不可消化的外源性指示剂。经过5d后收集排泄物。分别测定饲料和粪样能量并分析不同组合日粮的能量利用率。结果表明:两个试验的玉米-豆粕型日粮和30%酒糟日粮的能量利用率差异极显著(P<0.01)。添加两种酶制剂的未见显著提高30%酒糟日粮能量利用率(P>0.05),而且,基础日粮和酶添加水平间没有明显的互作效应(P>0.05)。试验四酶制剂Rovabio(?) Max AP对肉鸡日粮中高水平酒糟能量和蛋白利用率的影响本试验旨在评估Rovabio(?) Max AP对日粮中高水平酒糟(30%)替代型日粮肉仔鸡能量和蛋白的利用效率。Rovabio(?) Max AP酶制剂主要成分为非淀粉多糖分解酶系。试验采用2×3因子试验设计,192只18日龄的Cobb 500商品代肉公鸡,随机分到6个处理中,每处理包括4个重复,每重复6只鸡。处理包括两种基础日粮,对照组0%和30%酒糟水平,每处理分别添加推荐剂量的1倍、2倍和4倍的酶制剂。5d预试期后进入正试期,收集粪样,测定肉仔鸡生产性能、表观代谢能和氮沉积、粪样的总能、氮表观代谢能、氮校正表观代谢能以及总能利用率等指标。结果表明,肉仔鸡体增重、饲料采食量、饲料转化率以及死亡率均未受酒糟或添加酶制剂以及二者互作的影响(P>0.05)。30%酒糟日粮排泄物氮及总能显著增加(P<0.05),但表观代谢能和氮校正表观代谢能未见显著影响(P>0.05),总能利用率和氮的沉积率受到影响(P<0.05)。不同剂量的酶制剂未影响30%酒糟日粮组肉仔鸡粪中氮的含量、表观代谢能和总能利用率、氮沉积率(P>0.05)。因此,高水平酒糟(30%)日粮中添加不同剂量的该种酶制剂对肉仔鸡营养利用效率影响不显著。试验五酒糟替代型日粮对肉仔鸡肉品质及氧化稳定性、肠道形态、抗氧化功能的影响将720只1日龄的Cobb 48肉公鸡随机分为6个处理,每处理4个重复,每重复30只鸡。分别采用0, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%和25%酒糟日粮,分两阶段饲养至6周。结果表明,对肉质指标而言,肉的亮度(L*)和红度(a*)没有显著差异(P>0.05),但肉的黄度(b*)受日粮酒糟水平影响显著(P<0.05);随着日粮酒糟水平增加,肉的蒸煮损失率明显下降(P<0.05)、剪切力显著影响(P<0.05);日粮酒糟水平对胸肉和腿肉脂肪、粗蛋白和水分含量影响不显著(P>0.05);胸肌和腿肌所测定的23种脂肪酸组成中,分别有5种和8种脂肪酸受日粮酒糟水平的影响显著(P<0.05)。其中日粮15%酒糟水平组相对其它组胸肌和腿肌的亚油酸(C18:2)含量有升高的趋势;就对肉仔鸡胸肌而言,日粮酒糟的添加显著影响部分脂肪酸的含量(C24:0, C16:1, C20:3, C20:5和C22:6)(P<0.05);而对腿肌而言,日粮酒糟的添加显著影响部分脂肪酸的含量(C14:0, C18:0, C20:0, C14:1, C16:1, C20:1, C24:1和C20:5)(P<0.05),其中日粮10, 15和20%酒糟水平C20:5含量更高(P<0.05),且PUFA/SFA差异显著(P<0.05) ,其中PUFA有增加的趋势。日粮酒糟水平对胸肌MDA影响不显著,但肉仔鸡肝脏MDA却受到显著影响(P <0.01)。胸肌和肝组织中T-AOC的活性未受影响,但T-SOD的活性随日粮中酒糟的添加显著下降(P <0.05)。肝组织中GSH-Px的活性在日粮酒糟水平为15%时优于其它处理组(P<0.01)。日粮酒糟水平对肠道形态的影响:肉仔鸡21日龄时,日粮15%的酒糟水平组其肠道VH, CD , VH/CD和MT优于其他组(P<0.05);42日龄时,15%的酒糟水平组的VH, VH/CD和MT显著优于其他组(P<0.05)。但肉仔鸡盲肠VH, CD和VH/CD受日粮酒糟水平影响不显著(P >0.05)。本试验结果表明,10-15%酒糟替代型日粮有利于改善肉仔鸡的肉品质及氧化稳定性、肠道形态及抗氧化功能。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years, with the development of new energy sources, large amounts of biofuels byproducts were produced. Recent researches focus on the reasonable utilization of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS),glycerin and canola meal (CM), due to potential threat to environment if these byproducts are not used reasonably. Moreover, the contradiction of robbing raw materials between biofuels manufacturing industry and animal husbandry are rising, which may deepen feed resources shortage and improve feed producing cost. Therefore, developing new feed resources, especially using environmental protection type resources such as biofuels byproducts will have great practical significance not only for environment protection but also for animal husbandry industry. Deep researches are rare on the environmental protection biological resources used as animal feed resources at present. In the current study, DDGS, glycerin and CM were selected and aimed to evaluate the effects of combination use of DDGS and glycerin, DDGS and CM used in broiler diets on growth performance and carcass traits, feasibility of improvement influence of enzymes added in high level DDGS diets, as well as the effects of DDGS on broiler meat quality, intestinal physiology and meat antioxidation, in order to provide positive theoretical and practical basis for the future use of alternative feed sources biofuel byproducts in broiler industry, most of the study finished in Poultry Science Department, University of Arkansas in the United States.Experiment 1 Study on Effects of DDGS and Glycerin Combination Use Replacing Corn-soybean Meal in Broiler DietsAn experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of DDGS combined with glycerin in broiler diets. In a 3×2 factorial arrangement, 600 one-day-old commercial strain Cobb 500 broilers were randomly assigned to experimental diets with 0, 15 and 30% DDGS of known composition; within each level of DDGS the diets contained 0 or 5% glycerin, respectively, from 0-42 days of age. Diets were formulated to meet requirements of digestible amino acid and were fed in pelleted form. Each dietary treatment was replicated 4 times. Body weight gain and feed consumption were measured and carcass characteristics were evaluated at 42 days of age. Inclusion of 30% DDGS had no adverse effect on body weight of chicks; however, birds fed diets with 30% DDGS had greater feed intake and poorer feed conversion than birds fed the control diet at most age periods. This was highly correlated to the reduced pellet quality of diets containing the high levels of DDGS. Birds fed diets with 30% DDGS also had significantly reduced dressing percentage compared to birds fed the control diet with no DDGS. However, there was no adverse effect on breast meat yield related to the higher levels of DDGS inclusion. Addition of 5% glycerin from biodiesel production to the diets had no significant effect on body weight, feed intake, or feed conversion. There was no significant effect of the addition of glycerin on dressing percentage or yield of various carcass parts. With one minor exception, there was no significant interaction between addition of glycerin and level of DDGS in the diet, even though pellet quality declined when glycerin was added to the diets. Overall, the results of this study demonstrates that 15% DDGS of known nutritional quality can be utilized in diets for growing broilers with no adverse effects provided diets are formulated on a digestible amino acid basis and meet the nutritional requirements of the broiler. Higher levels may be tolerated but there may be a loss in feed conversion unless pellet quality can be improved. A loss in dressing percentage at higher levels of DDGS has been consistently noted in this and previous studies. Incorporation of 5% glycerin from biodiesel production as a source of energy appears satisfactory.Experiment 2 Study on Effects of DDGS and CM Combination Use Replacement Corn-soybean Meal in Broiler DietsThe objective of this study aimed to evaluate the combination use of DDGS and CM in broiler diets. DDGS can partially replace corn and soybean meal in broiler diets, but the amino acids in DDGS are not balanced. CM is a good protein source with high amino acid content, so the combined use of DDGS and CM may improve the amino acid balance. A study was conducted to evaluate the use of DDGS in combination with CM in broiler diets. In a 6×6 factorial arrangement, 1,080 one-day-old male broilers were randomly assigned to diets with 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% DDGS of known composition; within each level of DDGS, diets contained 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, or 25% CM from 0 to 18 d of age. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Diets were formulated to meet digestible amino acid requirements and were fed as a 3.17-mm pellet. Body weight and feed consumption were measured at 18 d of age. In addition, feed bulk density and percentage of fines were evaluated. The DDGS and CM levels as well as their interaction significantly affected feed intake and body weight (BW) (P<0.05). Moreover, feed intake and BW declined dramatically with the increasing inclusion of CM. However, no significant difference was noted in FCR due to dietary DDGS and canola levels. Percentage of fines and diet bulk density were influenced significantly by dietary DDGS and CM levels as well as by their interaction. The percentage of fines increased with increasing combinations of DDGS and CM. However, the effect of dietary DDGS and CM concentrations on feed bulk density did not show a clear trend. By regression analysis, percentage of fines had a significant impact on feed intake (FI) and BW gain but failed to show any clear-cut relationship between bulk density and performance factors. Therefore, when DDGS and CM are used in combination, the total level of the two ingredients in the formulation should be considered. Unless percent fines of the diet can be improved the combination of the two should not exceed 20% DDGS and 10% CM.Experiment 3 Effects of Enzymes Allzyme(?) SSF and Rovabio(?) Excel AP on Energy Digestibility of High Level DDGS Replacement DietsTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of enzymes (Allzyme SSF(?) and Rovabio Excel(?)) on energy digestibility of diets high in DDGS for broilers DDGS for broilers. A 2×4 factorial arrangement of treatments was used in which a corn- soybean meal control diet and a diet with 30% DDGS were supplemented with 2 different commercial enzyme products. In addition to the unsupplemented control, each enzyme was fed at the level suggested by the manufacturer, twice the recommended level, and 4 times the recommended level. Allzyme SSF was used in the first experiment, and Rovabio Excel was used in the second experiment. Male commercial strain chicks that were 15 d (trial 1) or 20 d (trial 2) old were randomly assigned to the experimental diets, with each treatment replicated 3 times. CeliteTM was used as an indigestible marker. After a 5-d period of acclimation to the diets, excreta samples were collected. The energy contents of the diet and excreta were determined and digestibility of dietary energy was calculated. In both trials, there was a significant difference in gross energy digestibility between the corn-soybean meal control diets and diets with 30% DDGS (P < 0.05). However, no significant improvement in gross energy digestibility was obtained by adding any level of the 2 enzymes. Moreover, no significant interactions were found between the basal diets and various enzyme levels. Therefore, addition of the enzymes used in these studies had no apparent beneficial effect on energy digestibility of corn-soybean meal diets or diets with a high level of DDGS.Experiment 4 Effects of Rovabio(?) Max AP on Energy and Protein Digestibility of High Level DDGS Replacement DietsThis experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of a carbohydrase preparation (Rovabio(?) Max AP) on protein and energy utilization of maize-soybean meal diets with 0 or 30% DDGS. One hundred and ninety two, 18-day old male broiler chicks of a commercial strain Cobb 500 were randomly distributed among six treatments in a 2×3 factorial arrangement. Each treatment was replicated four times, with six chicks per replicate. Treatments included two basal diets containing 0 or 30% of DDGS; each supplemented with or without an enzyme preparation fed at the level recommended by the manufacturer (1X), two (2X) and four times (4X) of recommended level. After a five-day adaptation period, excreta samples were collected for determination of AME and N retention (NR). Body weight, feed intake, feed conversion, fecal gross energy (GE) and N, AME, AMEn, GE digestibility, and NR were determined. The results showed that weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality rate were not significantly affected by level of DDGS or enzyme inclusion in the diet, or their interactions (P>0.05). Excreta N and GE were significantly increased by inclusion of 30% of DDGS in the basal diet. While AME and AMEn values were not affected by the addition of high level of DDGS in the diet (P>0.05), however, GE digestibility and NR were significantly affected (P<0.05). Supplementation of either basal diet with different levels of enzyme had no significant effects on excreta N content or AME, GE digestibility, or NR values(P>0.05). Moreover, the effect of the interaction between different levels of DDGS and enzyme levels on performance or nutrient utilization parameters were not significant (P>0.05). Therefore, these data indicate that the addition of the enzyme preparation used in this trial was not effective in improving nutrient utilization of maize-soybean meal diets with or without DDGS.Experiment 5 Effects of DDGS Replacement Diets on Meat Quality and Oxidation Stability, Intestinal Morphology and Antioxidant Function for BroilersThe study was undertaken to investigate the effects of DDGS on meat quality, antioxidation and intestinal morphology in male broilers. A total of 720 Cobb 48 male broilers were used in this experiment. Birds were fed diets formulated to contain 0, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% DDGS, respectively, for a period of 6 wk. The results showed that there were no differences (P>0.05) in CIE L* and a*(lightness and redness), however, there was strong impact (P<0.01) on b*(yellowness) between the birds fed the DDGS and control diets. There was significant decrease (P<0.05) in cook loss with the adding of higher level of DDGS. Significant differences (P<0.05) existed among the DDGS and control treatment with respect to shear force. No differences (P>0.05) in fat, protein and moisture content in breast or thigh was observed between any of the dietary treatments throughout the experiment. The determination of fatty acids composition in breast and thigh muscle demonstrated that there was no significant different between control and DDGS treatments in linoleic acid (C18:2), however, the tendency that 15% DDGS showed much higher linoleic acid (C18:2) than other treatments. For breast muscle, the addition of DDGS had significant effect on C24:0, C16:1, C20:3 C20:5 and C22:6 (P<0.05). For thigh muscle, the addition of DDGS had significant effect on C14:0, C18:0, C20:0, C14:1, C16:1, C20:1, C24:1 and C20:5 (P<0.05). In addition, 10, 15 and 20% DDGS levels showed higher C20:5 proportion than control other treatments. No significant difference was found in SFA, MUFA and PUFA (P>0.05). However, PUFA/SFA was significant different (P<0.05), feeding DDGS significantly increased the ratio PUFA/SFA. PUFA proportion had an increase tendency as DDGS percentage increased. The MDA production of breast muscle was not affected (P>0.05) by dietary DDGS levels, however, liver MDA production was influenced significantly (P<0.01) by dietary DDGS levels. In breast meat and liver tissue, no differences (P>0.05) were observed in the activities of T-AOC, however, T-SOD activity decreased significantly between birds fed the control diet and DDGS diets (P<0.05), moreover, in liver, GSH-Px activity showed better in 15% DDGS adding level in dietary (P<0.01).At d 21, significant difference was observed in duodenum VH, CD, VH/CD and MT (P<0.05), 10% DDGS concentration showed lowest CD and higher VH/CD. At d 42, significant difference was observed in duodenum VH, VH/CD and MT (P<0.05), 10% DDGS concentration showed close VH and MT to control treatment, 15% DDGS concentration showed higher VH/CD. Significant difference was observed in jejunum VH, CD, VH/CD and MT (P<0.05), 10% DDGS concentration showed close VH/CD to control treatment, 10% DDGS concentration showed higher VH/CD than other treatments. In contrast, ileum VH, CD and VH/CD were unaffected by DDGS levels (P >0.05).Therefore, the data suggest that 10-15% DDGS replacement diets are beneficial to improve meat quality and oxidation stability, intestinal morphology and antioxidation function.更多还原