晋语志延片语音研究

【作者】 高峰；

【导师】 邢向东；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 晋语志延片分布在陕北延安地区的中北部,包括吴起、志丹、安塞、延安、甘泉、延长、延川七个县区的方言。该片主要有两类方言：老户话与上头话。老户话是指境内老户所操的方言,是志延片的代表方言。上头话是指境内的榆林移民所操的带有榆林方言特点的方言。本文选择晋语志延片16个代表点,对老户话和上头话进行了系统的调查与详细的描写,力求展现志延片方言语音的整体面貌,揭示其共同的语音特征和内部差异,并对一些重要的语音现象进行横向与纵向的比较。通过方言之间的比较以及个案分析,审视老户话和上头话在方言接触中的变化,揭示晋语志延片区域内方言接触的规律与特点。全文共分六个部分。第一章简要介绍了晋语志延片所在地区的地理概况、历史沿革与人口源流、方言及其研究概况。同时,还介绍了本文的研究内容、价值与方法等。第二章、第三章描写了志延片老户话的音系及语音特点,并考察了老户话声母、韵母、声调的历史演变。主要讨论了古全浊声母、知庄章组声母、疑影母(开口)、入声韵、上声与去声、入声调在老户话中的读音类型与演变情况。第四章描写了志延片上头话的音系及语音特点,并讨论了其入声韵的演变。第五章观察并分析了老户话与关中方言的接触,以及老户话与上头话之间的接触,归纳出志延片方言接触的类型与特点。余论部分确定了晋语志延片的范围,并对全文作了总结。本文的主要观点是：(一)晋语志延片古全浊声母的今读有两种类型：“平送仄不送型”与“送气型”。吴起、志丹老户话属于“平送仄不送型”,其余安塞等五县老户话属于“送气型”。在早期,志延片七县区的老户话都属于古全浊字清化后不论平仄都送气的类型。由于权威方言的影响,志延片方言“全浊送气”的现象不可避免地萎缩。(二)老户话古疑影母是以中古音的开合、韵等为条件而分化的,开口-等字是影母并入疑母,开口三四等字是疑母并入影母。(三)延川话的长入与短入代表了延川话入声演变过程中的不同阶段,短入先于长入。“入声长化”是延川话乃至陕北晋语绥德以南(包括绥德)沿河方言入声演变的途径。(四)延长、延川老户话的上、去声的单字调合流。而吴起、志丹、安塞、延安、甘泉老户话的上声与去声字,无论是单字调还是连读调都不相混,加之普通话上去有别的影响,吴起等五县老户话的上、去声很可能不会像延长、延川话一样合流。(五)上头话入声韵演化的途径是保持塞音韵尾、韵类合并。其中,吴起周湾、志丹顺宁话正在从三组入声韵向两组入声韵演化,安塞化子坪、延长郭旗话的入声韵已经合并为两组。四个方言的中元音组入声韵主要向a?组归并,这种同方向的演变与移民的源方言有关。(六)吴起、志丹、安塞、延安、甘泉五县区的老户话对关中方言表现出开放的态度,逐渐磨损、丢失本身原有的一些语音特征,不断吸收关中方言的成分,使自己的语音系统朝着关中方言的方向发展演变。延长话也受到关中方言的影响,但是没有吴起等县老户话受影响的程度深。比较而言,延长话较保守,保留陕北晋语的特点较多。(七)晋语志延片的方言接触分为两种类型：邻界接触型与移民迁入型。邻界接触型可以下分为两个亚型：输入性与感染型。老户话与关中方言的接触属于输入型。在志延片,感染型的方言接触并不明显,本文没有详细考察。移民迁入型也可以分为两个亚型：聚居型与杂居型。老户话与上头话的接触属于移民迁入型,既有聚居型,也有杂居型。(八)志延片处于陕北晋语和中原官话的过渡地带,老户话受关中方言的影响较深,是带有明显关中方言色彩的陕北晋语。延川话具有与志延片其他方言不同的语音面貌,应划归晋语吕梁片汾州小片。晋语志延片应包括吴起、志丹、安塞、延安、甘泉、延长六县区的方言。更多还原

【Abstract】 Zhiyan cluster of Jin dialects is located in the north-central part of Yan’an region, northern of Shanxi Province, including seven counties which are Wuqi, Zhidan, Ansai, Yanan, Ganquan, Yanchang, and Yanchuan. There are mainly two kinds of dialects in Zhiyan cluster:Laohu dialect and Shangtou dialect. "Laohu dialect" refers to the dialect spoken by Laohu within these counties. "Shangtou dialect" refers to the dialect with Yulin characteristics which is spoken by Yulin immigrants within these counties.The author studies samples taken at 16 dialect points in Zhiyan cluster.With a systematic investigation and a detailed description of Laohu dialect and Shangtou’ dialect, the paper tries to present the overall picture of phonetic features in Zhiyan cluster, reveal the common phonetic features and internal diversity of Zhiyan dialects, and make a horizontal comparison and vertical study of some important phonetic phenomenon.Moreover,based on dialect comparison and case analysis,this paper surveys the changes in dialect contact of Laohu dialect and Shangtou dialect, and explores the patterns and the rules of them.ChapterⅠbriefly introduces the geography, history, population origin, dialects and a review on the research of Zhiyan cluster. At the same time, it introduces its research contents, value and method, etc.ChapterⅡdescribes the phonological system and features of Laohu dialect in Zhiyan cluster.ChapterⅢinvestigates the historical evolution of initial consonants, final sounds and tones of Zhiyan cluster.ChapterⅣdescribes the phonological systems and phonetic features of Shangtou dialect of Zhiyan cluster.ChapterⅤobserves and analyzes the contact among Laohu dialect, Guanzhong dialect and Shangtou dialect,and summarizes the types and features of dialects’contact in Zhiyan cluster.The rest part confirms the scope of Zhiyan cluster in Jin dialects and makes a summary of the whole paper.The main findings are: First, there are two types of the ancient voiced consonant initials:Pingsongze nonaspirated and aspirated. Wuqi, Zhidan and Laohu dialects belong to Pingsongze nonaspirated, and the rest five counties’dialects belong to the aspirated.They were originally aspirated, but today in the dialects of Zhiyan cluster, "Quanzhuo aspirated"is shrinking because of the influence of the authoritative dialect.Second, the long-Rusheng and short-Rusheng of Yanchuan dialect is the exhibition of evolution of Rusheng in various phase. "Rusheng lengthening" is a way of evolution of these dialects which lie in the southern area of Suide (including Suide) along the Yellow River, including Yanchuan dialect.Third, "Shangsheng" and "Qusheng" have been mixed together in Yanchuan and Yanchang dialects.In Wuqi, Zhidan, Ansai, Yanan and Ganquan dialects, "Shangsheng" differs from "Qusheng",and will not be mixed together.Fourth, Laohu dialects of Wuqi, Zhidan, Ansai, Yanan and Ganquan show open attitude towards Guanzhong dialects. They gradually lose their original phonetic features and absorb phonetic features from the Guanzhong dialects, which makes the phonetic system develop towards the Guanzhong dialects. Yanchang Laohu dialect is also influenced, but not as deeply as the other Laohu dialects. In contrast, Yanchang dialect is more conservative, which remains more features of Shanbei Jin dialects.Fifth,there are two types of contact in the Zhiyan district of Jing dialect:Adjacent contact and Immigration ingoing. Adjacent contact type includes two subtypes:Input type and Infectious type. The contact within the Guanzhong dialects and Laohu dialects belongs to Input type. Immigration ingoing type includes two subtypes: Ethnic-group-live-together type and Different-ethnic-groups-live-together type. The contact within Laohu dialect and Shangtou dialect belongs to Immigration ingoing type.Sixth, Zhiyan cluster is in the transition zone between Jin dialects and Zhongyuan Mandarin. Laohu dialects have been deeply influenced by Guanzhong dialects,which belongs to Shanbei Jin dialects with obvious Guanzhong Mandarin’s style.Yanchuan dialect has a different phonetic feature from other dialects of Zhiyan cluster, and it should be included by Lvliang cluster Fenzhou subcluster of Jin dialects. Zhiyan cluster of Jin dialects includes the following six county dialects:Wuqi, Zhidan, Ansai, Yanan, Ganquan and Yanchang.更多还原