城市地铁施工测量安全及安全监测预警信息系统研究

【作者】 胡荣明；

【导师】 李锐；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 地图学与地理信息系统， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 由于地铁工程施工安全风险大,和对安全的认识不客观、管理体系不科学等因素,导致地铁施工重大安全事故频频发生,给社会造成了恶劣的影响和带来了重大的经济损失。2007年3月,南京地铁在施工过程中燃气管断裂,引起燃气溢出并发生爆炸引发大火；同年北京地铁施工也致死6人；经济损失上最严重的应属上海地铁四号线事故,该事故导致逾六亿元人民币的损失。事实上,在长、大隧道的施工过程中,几乎每条隧道都有伤亡现象发生。因此,随着现代化城市地铁建设逐渐加快,地铁施工安全不得不成为值得深入研究的问题。城市地铁施工安全包括两个方面的含义,一方面指测量安全,即能否按照设计要求使地铁隧道在指定的位置上顺利贯通；另一方面指安全监测,即在施工期间由于地下开挖对岩十体产生扰动,引起岩土体变形可能对地铁结构工程及施工沿线周围地下、地面建(构)筑物、重要管线、地面道路等造成水平移动和沉降,通过实时监测发现其对周围环境的安全影响。地铁施工测量安全,一方面依靠贯通测量技术,另一方面依靠测量管理。贯通测量技术是通过地面测量、联系测量、隧道导线测量控制隧道施工的方向的测量技术,而正确的测量方案、可靠高精度的测量成果是隧道贯通的重要依据。从地铁测量管理模式来看,地铁施工参与测量的队伍多,施工方测量队、业主测量队、第三方测量队被要求对地面控制测量、联系测量、地下导线进行复测,成果经检核后才能使用,因此,成果资料使用前必须经报检复查,报检程序复杂,有时容易出现遗漏,为地铁施工安全埋下隐患。安全监测则是通过对变形体上监测点的观测来获取建筑结构、地铁施工周围环境的变化。因此,测量安全(贯通测量技术和测量管理)和安全监测是地铁施工过程中直接关系地铁施工安全的重要内容。针对这一问题论文从影响贯通的主要误差米源出发,理论上推导影响地铁隧道贯通的主要因素并进行研究；针对目前地铁测量管理存在的问题,在充分利用网络资源的基础上,研究网络化的地铁管理模式：使用.NET、.ASP、Sliverligh、C#、ArcGIS Server、ArcSDE、SQL Server技术,研究开发监测预警分析于一体安全监测预警信息系统。通过研究得到下列主要结论：1.从地面控制测量、联系测量、地下导线测量三个过程,运用误差理论建立了地下导线加测陀螺方位后制盾构方向边的误差模型：在地面测量中,采用GPS测量后始发井和接受井井口地面点的相对点位误差影响很小一般情况下只有2～3mm：在联系测量中投点误差作业过程通过严格按照作业规范,增加投点次数,采取有效措施,减少重锤摆动可以得到控制；隧道内导线测边误差,基本上使用测距精度很高的1+1ppm的全站仪,对导线边的测量误差一般不到1mm,主要影响因素为导线点的对准精度,而在本研究中,实验区间采用强制对准架,有效地解决了这个问题。通过上述模型研究得出：陀螺方位角误差是地下导线加测陀螺方位后影响地铁隧道贯通测量误差的主要来源。2.研究的GPS接收机与陀螺全站仪的集成,有效解决了城市地铁独立坐标无法计算子午线收敛角的问题,编制开发的自动处理程序在西安地铁一、二号线实验区间陀螺定向计算中已经使用,结果正确。3.研制开发的YJTQ-1型陀螺全站仪强制对准连接装置,有效解决了地铁隧道强制对准台与陀螺全站仪的连接,无论从理论分析还是实际测量结果中,均得出：陀螺强制对准连接装置的稳定性和重复利用性都要高于三脚架,因此该陀螺强制对准连接装置是可以应用于实际生产中的。4.根据陀螺方位角的测定原理,结合影响地铁隧道贯通的因索,对测定仪器常数的已知边进行了分析,研究得出：在吊出井井口附近的已知边测定仪器常数,可以将贯通误差降低1倍。5.实现了测量控制点可视化。测量控制点标志是安全测量的重要依据和前提,不容许有丝毫的破坏,否则,测量工作无法进行。因此,测量标志的安全管理是测量工作止常进行的前提,本文研究实现了测量控制点实时网络可视化管理,方便测量人员随时可以了解控制点的位置与现状,提高利用效率。6.本文研究的地铁施工测量网络化管理模式在西安地铁一号线施工建设中实验运行,得到充分验证,取得了阶段性的研究成果。以城市地铁施工测量为研究对象,将网络平差、曲线计算、陀螺自动计算工具,测量成果管理以模块化的形式集成在监测信息系统中实现网络计算机管理。7.研发了CS/BS模式的安全监测预警信息系统。本系统与其他监测系统不同之处是将布设有监测点的施工设计图纸进行发布,真止意义上实现了利用网络在工程设计图上查询监测点的动态变化及变化曲线、地图预警,实现了网络GIS与具体工程实际的结合,为城市地铁的安全监测管理提供了高效率的工作平台。系统采用空间信息技术(GIS等)与现代信息管理系统技术相结合的方法实现了基于计算机网络的城市地铁安全监测与分析预警,为地铁工程的安全施工提供了辅助手段。系统通过数据采集、管理、分析和地图预警可以让地铁工程相关人员,通过互联网及时、准确、直观、全面地了解地铁施工中的各种安全隐患和安全事故,为管理者的科学决策和工程的安全施工提供必要的信息依据。论文创新点：1.从理论上提出了地下导线边在加测陀螺方位角时,影响地铁隧道贯通测量误差的主要因素。2.有效地将GPS与陀螺全站仪集成在一起。3.研制了YJTQ-1型陀螺全站仪强制对准连接装置。4.将地铁施工测量计算、测量管理、安全监测科学结合起来,研发了一套具有GIS功能集工程计算安全管理于一体的地理信息系统。更多还原

【Abstract】 Due to some inevitable factors such as high risk of metro constructing, non-objective awareness of construction safety and non-scientific management system and so on, serious safety accidents frequently occurred, which causes vicious influence and great economic losses. In March,2007, gas pipe was broke when constructing Nanjing metro line. Then gas spilled leading to explosion and fire. A similar case happened in Beijing, the casualty was 6 in metro construction. The most serious economic loss was Shanghai Metro Line No.4 accident, which caused about 0.6 billion RMB loss. Actually, almost each metro tunnel caused casualties in long and big tunnel construction. Therefore, metro construction security becomes an increasingly worthwhile question to be further studied with the high rapid development of modern urban metro construction.Urban metro construction security has two meanings. On one hand, it means surveying security, that is to say, metro tunnel has to smoothly breakthrough at the specific sites according to design acquirements. On the other hand, it indicates safety monitoring, which stands for rock deformation and disturbance during the construction period caused by underground excavation. As the consequence, horizontal movement and settlement occur in the subway structure engineering and construction orientation line or around or underground, ground structures, important pipe lines, roads and so on, during which timely monitoring should be taken to protect surrounding environment.Metro construction security depends on breakthrough surveying technology and surveying management. Breakthrough surveying technology aims at controlling tunnel constructing direction depends on ground control surveying, contact surveying and tunnel traverse surveying technology. An important basis of tunnel breakthrough is correct surveying project, reliable surveying results of high-precision. Viewing from metro surveying management pattern, the construction surveying team, the employer surveying team and the third-party surveying team are all required a second time surveying of ground control surveying, contact surveying and underground traverse surveying. As a result, the surveying results have to turn over to clients and be inspected before being used. The inspection program is complicated, which will cause hidden dangers in metro construction for example sometimes the inspection may be omitted due to construction schedule. By observing monitoring points on deformation body, safety monitoring aims at monitoring any changes of building structure and metro construction surrounding environment. Thus, surveying security (breakthrough technology and surveying management) and safety monitoring are vital to metro construction security. This paper theoretically derived from major factors affecting metro construction surveying security and further studied from the prospective of major error resources affected breakthrough. With the existed problems of metro construction in mind, this paper studies networking metro management pattern based on full using of network resources. Develop safety monitoring system integrating construction designs and monitoring analysis by use of.NET,.ASP, Sliverlight, C#, ArcGIS Server, ArcSDE, SQL Server technology.This paper has concluded the following highlights:1. Error computed model of underground traverse with additional gyroscope orientation is developed in the process of ground control surveying, contact surveying and underground traverse surveying:In ground surveying, relative positional error of ground points reduces between original tunnel wellhead and received wellhead when using GPS. In contact surveying, the precision of pointing can be improved through increasing pointing times and take effective measures to reduce heavy hammer oscillating times strictly according to operating specification. In tunnel traverse surveying, measurement error is smaller than lmm generally using total station with ranging precision 1+1 ppm. The major influence factor is registration accuracy which has been effectively solved in our research by using manually centering rod.We can conclude from the above model that gyro azimuth error is the main error resource of tunnel breakthrough error affected by underground traverse after measuring gyro azimuth.2. The research of integration of GPS receiver and gyro has effectively solved the computation of meridian convergence angle that cannot be computed with urban metro independent coordinates. Develop automatic processing program has been tested correctly in computing gyro orient of experimental interval of Xi’an Metro Line No.1 and No.2.3. Develop YJTQ-1 total station manually centering and contacting device which effectively realizes contact between enforced centering platform and gyro. Not only from theoretical analysis but also from practical surveying results, we can both conclude that gyro enforced centering and contact device has advantages of stability and reusability over tripod. Thus gyro enforced centering and contact device can be applied in actual production.4. According to the principle of gyro azimuth measurement, we analyze known side of measuring instrument constant combining with factors affected metro breakthrough. The conclusion is that breakthrough error can decrease double when measuring instrument constant od known side near station.5. The study has realized visualization of control points. Control points mark is the prerequisite and important basis for securely surveying and could never be destroyed, otherwise, surveying can’t carry out. Therefore, safely management of surveying mark is the prerequisite of normally surveying executing. This paper achieve the goal of real-time net visualized management of control point, which make surveyor better understand location and condition of control points to improve efficiency.6. The researched Metro Construction Surveying Networking Management Pattern is verified successfully in Xi’an Metro Line No.l construction and achieves phased results. The monitoring information system provides net adjustment, curve calculation and automatically gyroscope calculating tools for users to develop network management pattern suiting for metro surveying, and realizes network automotive managing in the form of modularization focused on the study of urban metro construction.7. Develop Secure Monitoring Forewarning Analyzing System of CS/BS Pattern. The unique characteristic of this system is meaningfully realizing map cursing changes of monitoring points, changing curves and map forewarning function through showcasing on line after locating each monitoring points on construction design drawings and realizing the combination of Web GIS and engineering practices provided for high-efficient working platform of urban metro security monitoring management. The system is a supplementary means for safely metro construction combining GIS and modern management system which realizes urban metro safely monitoring and analyze forewarning. The system can help metro constructors timely, accurately, directly and comprehensively find out different hidden dangers and accidents, receive various space information and attribute information through data collecting, managing, analyzing and map forewarning. The system can also provide necessary information basis for scientific decision-made by executors and safely construction.Highlights of innovation:1.Theoretically propose major factors affecting metro breakthrough surveying after measuring gyro azimuth of underground traverse.2. Effectively integrate GPS with gyro.3. Develop YJTQ-1 gyro enforced centering and contact device.4. Develop the geographical information system integrated GIS with engineering calculation security management by combing metro construction surveying calculation, surveying management and safety monitoring science.更多还原