【作者】 张以红；

【导师】 田银生；

【作者基本信息】 华南理工大学 ， 城市规划与设计， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 潭江流域的城乡聚落发展是广东城乡发展史的一个组成部分,具有普遍性,也具有一些特殊之处。该地区的聚落发展史与岭南文化的发展历程同步推进,基本传承了岭南广府文化。从探索聚落发展史和当地特色的角度看,潭江流域的城乡聚落形态对研究地方性城镇空间的发展规律,具有一定的价值。该课题研究属于聚落发展史和空间形态研究范畴,目的在两方面:希望以潭江流域城乡聚落研究为契机,探索能用于城乡聚落形态研究的综合性和系统性理论方法,为同类研究提供参考;同时希望能补充潭江流域城乡聚落形态研究的空白,尝试探索聚落形态演变的法则。第一章是研究框架和研究方法的探索。研究过程采用城市形态学和人文地理学的理论,构建研究框架。在学习和了解与聚落形态相关的研究方法基础上,根据城乡聚落形态的特性,将形态分解为边界、面状要素、线状要素、点状要素及自然物等五类形态要素。再将五类形态要素按功能细分成若干内部元素。这样组成两层面的元素与要素结合的内部分析框架。同时,为更好地研究城镇的空间形态,将Conzen学派的“市镇平面分析”方法与传统的“点、线、面”方法相结合,并根据实际的研究条件,建立“街道网、用地布局、建筑形态”的研究框架。此外,针对城乡聚落的区域形态研究,引入“人地系统”理论框架,构建包括环境、资源、发展、人口、文化、组织、技术等七方面的外部因素分析框架。从外部影响因素入手,逐一揭示聚落的发展脉络以及聚落形态的生成法则和机理。内外框架的组合,形成本次研究的综合分析方法。论文的主体部分是第二至七章。第二章运用综合分析方法剖析潭江流域城乡聚落的发展历史和分布形态。经研究,该流域城乡聚落的发展历程分为六个时期。文章重点分析了唐宋以后的聚落分布,总结了“‘点—轴’分布”、“均匀扩散”、“‘点—轴’式加密”与“‘点—轴’渐进式扩散”等四个空间分布阶段。这个过程反映了城乡组织结构的变换与经济、交通、人文等因素密切相关。该流域聚落分为地级市、县级市、墟镇、乡村四个层次。第三至六章采用综合分析方法,对潭江流域的城乡典型案例进行了内部形态发展研究。第三章是关于对江门和会城的城市形态分析。会城是潭江流域最早出现的城市。在封建社会体制与广府文化的双重影响下,明清会城内城市形态符合礼制要求。民国后,会城在经济发展过程中,逐步脱离了封建城市的形态成为商业与文化职能占主导的现代城市。同一时期,由草市发展而来的江门则因商品经济的持续发展而快速成为潭江流域的中心城市。民国江门发展成带形、聚散结合的河港城市形态。这种形态因河港经济的发展一直延续到现代。第四章研究潭江流域典型墟镇的发展及其形态。实例中,潭江流域的墟镇有两类发展途径,一由政军中心发展成现代城镇,二由商业墟镇发展成现代城镇。两种途径虽有政镇、军镇、墟市等不同的原始形态,但后来大多都发展成依赖区域交通的现代产业型城镇。这仍将是未来一定时期内潭江流域城镇发展的方向。第五章研究潭江流域多元文化背景产生的传统村落。受广府文化影响的村落有“耕读”传统的歇马村、多姓聚居特色的良溪村。两者的空间形态分别表现出梳式布局及叶脉式布局。受客家文化影响,绿护屏山村是典型的客家“文化孤岛”,锁头屋、阶梯形布局是客家文化与生活方式所决定的。民国时期华侨文化所产生的华侨村落也是潭江流域的特色村落。潭江流域曾经存在水上疍民的聚落。“浮家泛宅”是这种古南越后裔居住的特有方式。各种村落形态研究的结果显示,经济来源、行政制度、村规民约、传统文化等方面是影响村落空间形态的主导因素。第六章研究该流域城乡传统聚落的特色元素。通过聚落探访,对潭江流域聚落中富有生活与景观意义的茶楼、井、水道与河涌、桥、围墙、巷道、塔与炮台等元素的形态特色进行研究,以反映该潭江的历史人文特征。最后一章以形态研究的结论作参考,指出聚落演变历史对潭江流域发展的启示,探讨环境保护、历史与文化保护、土地开发、公共服务设施配套等城乡发展措施,应对面临的可持续发展问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 The development of urban and rural settlement in Tam River basin is a part of development history in Guangdong Province with universality and particularity. The settlement development in this area has inherited Guangfu culture in Lingnan area, and made progress along with Guangfu culture. From view of exploring the development history of settlement and local characteristics, the morphology research of urban and rural settlement in Tam River basin is significant for study of development rule of local urban space.The scope of this research project is about development history and space morphology of settlement. This research has two purposes. One is to explore the theoretical method with comprehensiveness and systematicness in study of urban and rural settlement morphology. Another one is to fill in the blanks of study of urban and rural settlement morphology in Tam River basin, and explore the evolution law of the settlement morphology.In chapter 1,the research framework and method are explored. In research process, the research framework has been built, adopting the theories of urban morphology and human geography. On the basis of understanding of settlement morphology, the morphology can be divided into five key elements: border, surface, line, point and natural object. Then each key element can be subdivided into several internal elements. These key elements and internal elements in two levels will compose the internal analysis framework. Furthermore,in order to research the space morphology of city and town, combining the“town plane analysis method”by Conzen school of thought and traditional“point, line, surface”method, a research framework of“street network, land layout, architecture morphology”is built. Meanwhile, we would introduce in the‘human-land system’theory in morphology research of local settlements, and create an external analysis framework possessing seven external factors including environment, resources, development, population, culture, organization and technique. Starting with external influence factors, we would reveal successively the development context of settlement, the generation law and mechanism of settlement morphology. Combining internal and external frameworks the comprehensive analysis method in this research would be established.The content from chapter 2 to chapter 7 is the main part of this thesis. In chapter 2, the development history and distribution morphology of urban and rural settlement in Tam River basin are analyzed with comprehensive analysis method. The research shows that the development history of settlement in this basin can be divided into 6 periods. The settlement distribution after Song Dynasty is mainly analyzed in this thesis. There are four stages of space distribution expressing as:‘Point-axis’distribution Evenly spread‘Point-axis’densifying‘Point-axis’gradual spreadThe process reveals that the settlement transition is related to some factors such as economy, traffic and humanity, etc. The settlements in this basin can be divided into 4 levels: prefecture-level city, county-level city, town, and village.From chapter 3 to chapter 6, the typical cases of internal morphology development of urban and rural settlement in Tam River basin are analyzed adopting comprehensive analysis method.In chapter 3, the urban morphology for Jiangmen and Huicheng are analyzed. Huicheng is the earliest city in Tam River basin. In Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, under the influences of both feudal social system and Guangfu culture, the urban morphology in Huicheng was consistent with regulation of“rite system”. Since the foundation of the Republic of China, Huicheng has gradually parted from the feudal urban morphology and became a modernized city with strong commercial and cultural functions. In the same period, Jiangmen originated from market town, changed rapidly into the central city in Tam River basin due to the continual development of commodity economy. Jiangmen formed a river-port city with the morphology of strap shape, extending to present thanks to the continuous development of river-port economy.In chapter 4, the morphology of typical towns in Tam River basin and its development are researched. There are two routes in development of towns. The first route is that the modernized town formed from administrative or military center. The second one, town formed from market center. Nowadays, most towns have transformed into industrial towns depending on the local traffic system and will still go on to do so in the future.In chapter 5, the traditional villages in Tam River basin with multicultural background are researched. According to the influence of Guangfu culture, Xiema village with tradition of“edge plow edge read”and Liangxi village with different clans of residents with different surnames are formed. The morphology in Xiema village has a layout with comb style and the morphology in Liangxi village has a layout with leaf vein style. Lushuping village on a hill, an isolated island in culture is a typical Kejia village. Its houses with lock shape and the layout of stair style are decided by Kejia culture and their life style. In period of R.O.C., overseas Chinese villages generated by overseas Chinese culture are distinctive villages in Tam River basin. There was a settlement of“Dan Min”people living on the water in Tam River basin. They were descendants of ancient“Nan Yue”people, and lived in“Floating homes”, a kind of small boat. The research shows that the main factors impacting on space morphology of village are economic resource, administrative system, traditional culture and village rules, etc.In chapter 6, some distinctive elements of morphology in urban and rural settlements in this basin are investigated. By visiting some settlements, we found out that many morphology elements in Tam River basin, such as tea house, well, water way, bridge, fence, lane, tower and fort, are meaningful landscape resorts with humanity characteristics.In last chapter, the conclusions are established. Based on the enlightenment of this research, facing the problem of sustainable development, some measures about environment protect, histories and cultures protect, land development and supply of public facilities are explored.更多还原