【作者】 齐晓君；

【导师】 王恩德；

【作者基本信息】 东北大学 ， 矿物资源利用与环境控制， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 由于科学技术的发展,人类利用自然、改造自然的能力大大提高,在工业化程度提高和财富获取的同时,生态环境问题的严峻性也逐步暴露出来,到20世纪五六十年代产生了极为严重的消极后果。抚顺地处浑河流域上游,作为一个矿业城市,由于土地资源利用发展不平衡,造成了土壤侵蚀严重、水体污染、水资源短缺、大气污染严重等一系列生态环境安全问题,不仅对抚顺的人文健康产生严重影响,而且将对下游沈阳和鞍山等市产生影响。本论文以GIS为平台,收集相关的遥感、土壤测试、水体测试、大气测试及其它的基础数据,利用土壤侵蚀模型、健康风险评价法、综合营养状态指数法、地累积指数法、生物效应潜在指数、层次分析法、信息熵及模糊数学等方法进行大气污染、水体污染和土壤污染的健康风险评价、污染的动态分析、土壤侵蚀的动态定量计算及抚顺地区的生态环境安全的综合评价等。具体成果如下：(1)大气的主要污染物是SO2、NOx和TSP。大气中SO2的浓度在1981-1995年的15年期间较高,其后有所降低。就各功能区而言,工业区的TSP浓度最大,其次是居民区。工业区和交通区的SO2浓度较大,其次是居民区。整体来看,随时间的推移,所有污染物的等标负荷都在减轻。(2)通过对浑河抚顺段和大伙房水库的水质进行动态分析、水质评价和水库富营养化和健康风险评价,得出以下结论：①浑河抚顺段和大伙房水库污染指标整体下降,大伙房水库水质已接近富营养化状态。②除古楼和台沟外,其它各河段的四种重金属污染程度都有较大幅度的增加。污染程度空间顺序从强到弱为：浑73>北杂木>浑37>浑7>台沟=古楼。(3)通过对研究区土地利用和土壤侵蚀的动态分析,得出以下结论：①从1998到2005年,景观整体呈破碎化趋势。②抚顺市的土壤侵蚀强度跨越了微度到强度的四个等级,以微度侵蚀、轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀为主,伴有少量的强度侵蚀。2005年比1998年侵蚀面积相对减小,但侵蚀强度加大。(4)抚顺城市健康风险评价显示：①大气环境方面,SO2和NOx所造成的个体终生危险度的趋势与其浓度成正比例关系,目前有好转的趋势。②大伙房水库方面,基因毒物质为主要的危险物,Cr的风险值最大,2000年之后达到标准值的130-260倍,其次为As,2000年之后达到了标准值的27倍,Cd的风险值最小。躯体毒物质的风险值比标准值低1到2个数量级。③土壤方面,在市区内,躯体毒物质的危险要大于基因毒物质。在躯体毒物质中,氟所造成的危险度较大,在所有监测点都超过标准值的1000倍以上。在基因毒物质中,Cr的危险度最大。在李石污灌区,基因毒物质通过食入途径危害人体,而躯体毒物质通过接触途径危害人体。在15个采样点中,有6个样点中的镉风险值比标准值要高50倍以上,总体来看,污灌区种植出来的大米对人体极为有害。在矿区,在排土场中种植的作物对人体的健康存在较大的风险,这些风险主要来自基因毒物质。(5)通过对研究区域的生态环境安全综合评价得出：新宾县的生态环境安全程度较高,清原县和抚顺县的生态安全程度居中,抚顺市市辖区的生态环境安全程度最低,而在市中心西露天矿附近,评价指标甚至达到4.3,很接近最大值5。与1998年相比,2005年生态环境安全程度有所提高。整体来看,研究方法适用于矿业地区的生态环境安全研究。研究结论与事实基本相符合。研究结论得出：抚顺市的生态环境安全有好转的趋势。水资源和土地资源是影响抚顺市生态环境安全的主要两大介质。其中,致癌物质Cr和非致癌物质F是影响抚顺市生态环境安全的两种主要元素。另外,本研究方法对于其他地区的生态环境安全特别是矿业地区具有借鉴意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 The capability of people’s utilization and modification of nature has developed accompany with the development of science and technology. The severity of the ecological and environmental problems have been exposed while the advancement of the industrialization and the acquisition of the wealth, which caused many serious negative results to the development of human society 1950s and 1960s. As a mineral city, Fushun city locates in the upstream of Hunhe watershed. The non-equilibrium of development of the soil resources caused many environmental problems, such as soil erosion, water pollution, the shortage of the water resources and air pollutions etc., which would not only have a great impact on the local human’s health, but also on the environments of the downstream area such as Shenyang city and Anshan city.This paper assessed the health risks of air, water and soil pollutions, analyzed the dynamics of the pollutions of three aspects, and calculated the soil erosion pollution and ecological environmental security by these methods:health risk assessment, soil erosion model, synthesis nourishment statement indices, geo-accumulation indices, biological effect potential indices, analytic hierarchy processs (AHP), information entropy and fuzzing mathematics based on the remote sensing data, soil testing data, water quality testing data, air testing data etc.(1) The air pollution are mainly caused by SO2、NOx and TSP. The concentration of SO2 in the air is higher from 1981 to 1995, and it decreased in the following years. The concentration of TSP in the industry area is highest; the following are the resident’s area, transportation area and cleaning area. The concentration of SO2 in the industry area is highest; the following are the transportation area, residents’area and cleaning area. In total, the equal load indices of all pollution material are lightening.(2) The studies on the dynamics analysis of water quality, the assessment of water quality and the eutrophication of Hunhe River in Fushun section and Dahuofang reservoir have drawn these results:①the pollution equal load of the Hunhe River and Dahuafang reservoir decreased both. Although the water quality in all cross sections is type I from 2001 to 2004, the water in Dahuofang reservoir are on the verge of eutrophication.②The polluted indices of four type heavy metal have increased. Among them, the pollution of section of Hun 73 reached the medium to strong degree. The pollution degrees from strong to week of all sections are:Hun 73> Beizamu> Hun 27> Hun 7> Taigou= Gulou. Except for the Gulou and Taigou sections, the ecological risk of other sections increased. In 2002, the three sections of Dahuofang reservoir were in medium degree dangerous. The danger degrees from strong to week are:Hun 73> Hun 27> Hun 7.(3) The studies on the land use and soil erosion showed that:①from 1998 to 2005, the area of shrub forest and arid land decreased, other land use types are all increased. The continuity of forest and shrub forest enhanced, other types are more fragmenting in different degree. On the landscape level, the Shannon Diversity, Shannon Evenness and Fractal Dimension increased, but the Dominance, Contagion and Aggregation Index decreased from 1998 to 2005. On the class level, the Fractal Dimension of shrub forest and forest decreased, other types are increased. The Aggregation Index of forest increased, other types decreased. In total, the landscape has the tendency of fragmentation.②the soil erosion degree of Fushun city are changed from mired, light, medium to strong. In total, the main areas are in mired, light and medium erosion degree. The strong erosion only occurred in small area. The erosion area decreased but erosion intensity increased since 1998 to 2005. The slope, elevation and landuse types have a little strong relation with the soil erosion degrees. (4) The healthy risk assessment of Fushun city drew these conclusions:①in the aspect of air environment, the lifetime individual dangers caused by SO2 and NOx have positive relationship with the content of them, and dangers are lightening at the moment.②in the aspect of Dahuofang reservoir, carcinogens are the main source of dangerous. Among them, the healthy risk value of Cr is the highest, which reached 130 to 260 times of the normal value since 2000; the healthy risk of As reached 27 times of the normal value since 2000; the healthy risk of Cd is the lowest. The risk value non-carcinogens are lower than the normal value from 1 to 2 orders.③In the aspect of soil:in the city area, the risk values of non-carcinogens are greater than that of carcinogens. Among the non-carcinogens, F is the most dangerous, which is exceeding about 1000 times of the normal value. Among the carcinogens, Cr is the most dangerous. In Lishi polluted water irrigation area, the carcinogens destroy the human health through ingestion, and the non-carcinogens through the dermal absorption. Among the 15 samples, the risk values of Cd in 6 samples are 50 times higher than the normal value. In total, the rices planted in this area have great danger to human healthy. In the mine area, crops planted in the tailing area also have the high risk to human healthy through carcinogens.(5) The studies on the ecological environmental security comprehensive evaluation showed that:in 1998, the security of Xinbin county is the highest, the indices is lower than 2.5; the security of Qingyuan and Fushun county are medium, the indices are changed from 2.5 to 3.0; the security of Fushun urban area are the lowest, the indices are changed from 3.7 to 4.0, and near the west open-pit mine located in the city center, the indices even reached 4.3, which is approached the maxima value 5. In 2005, the security of Xinbin county is still the highest, but the security of southeast area decreased a little; the indices of Qingyuan and Fushun county is lower than 2.6, the security increased a little. The security of Fushun urban area are still the lowest, the indices are changed from 3.2 to 3.8. Compared with the value of 1998, the security increased, which showed the progress in the environment management during this period.更多还原