【作者】 刘建坡；

【导师】 冯夏庭；

【作者基本信息】 东北大学 ， 工程力学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 随着国民经济快速发展对能源和资源的大量需求,深部矿产资源开发所面临的由岩体开挖诱发重大地质灾害问题也愈发突出。由于深井开采面临复杂的力学环境,在矿床开采过程中,岩体的开挖以及爆破对围岩稳定性的影响具有强烈的扰动效应,极易诱发岩爆与地压灾害的发生,严重威胁井下人员及设备的安全。尽管微震技术已逐渐被广泛的应用于矿山动力灾害的预报预测,但至今能够成功预测地压灾害发生的实例却不多见,主要原因是很多判据和方法从单一角度对微震数据进行分析,面对大量看似无规则的微震监测数据无法发掘其内在的演化规律。因此,基于微震时空演化规律的多种参数开展岩爆等地压灾害的预测研究是十分必要的。本文通过单轴压缩加载岩石破坏试验,基于声发射定位技术,研究了岩石破裂过程中微裂纹的时空演化规律和岩石失稳破坏的前兆特征。针对红透山铜矿地压显现严重现状,基于Kaiser效应原理测量原岩应力,对红透山铜矿各中段矿岩发生岩爆的倾向性进行了研究。在此基础上,完成了深部地压微震监测系统的构建,实现了基于Internet网络的远程数据传输及实时分析,形成了基于声发射和微震信息的岩体稳定性评估和开挖扰动围岩损伤演化分析方法,并采用微震多种参数对岩爆及大尺度岩体破裂进行了预测分析,具体内容如下：(1)采用自回归模型判断声发射信号的初动时间,提出了一种基于最小二乘法和Geiger法的声发射源组合定位算法,并采用计算机仿真、断铅试验和岩石声发射定位试验进行了验证。(2)通过单轴压缩加载试验,基于声发射定位技术,采用多种理论(分形理论、b值、临界点理论等)研究了岩石内部微裂纹产生、扩展直至贯通的演化规律,着重分析了微裂纹空间分布由无序散布向有序集中发展的自组织演化规律、应力场长程相互作用的建立过程和岩石失稳破坏声发射前兆特征,为工程岩体稳定性监测提供理论支持。同时,应用矩张量理论对声发射的震源机制进行了探讨。(3)对红透山铜矿岩爆等地压显现特征进行调研工作,总结了红透山铜矿应力分布规律和地压显现特征,基于Kaiser效应原理对红透山各中段原岩应力进行了测试分析,采用多种判据对红透山铜矿各中段矿岩发生岩爆的倾向性进行了研究。(4)完成了深井矿山微震监测系统的构建,实现了基于Internet网络的远程数据传输和实时分析。通过波形识别和频谱分析手段滤除井下多种干扰信号,建立了完整的微震数据定量分析方法,对红透山深部采场微震活动时空分布特征与矿山生产活动之间的关系进行了量化分析。在岩石破坏声发射试验研究的基础上,建立了基于微震多种参数(累积视体积、能量释放指数、空间相关长度,分形维数、b值)的岩爆等地压灾害预测方法。(5)采用“大范围宏观监测与局部重点监测相结合的方法”,基于声发射和微震监测技术对深部采场爆破开挖过程进行监测,对采场开挖前后围岩损伤演化规律进行了研究。通过声发射和微震活动性分析了采场开挖过程中应力场动态调整规律,着重分析了采场开挖后围岩恢复稳定状态的时间。通过微震时空演化规律研究及多参数预测方法对岩爆发生的预警期和危险期进行判断,对岩爆和大尺度岩体破裂进行了预测研究,进而指导矿山安全生产。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the great demands of resource and energy by national economy rapid development, geological hazard problems induced by rock mass excavation during deep mineral resources exploitation become much more prominent. Because of the mechanical environment during deep mining is very complex, rock mass would be disturbed much strongly by excavation and blasting. It is extremely easy induced ground pressure disasters such as rockburst, which threatened the safety of mine personnel and equipment. At present, microseism (MS) technique has been widely used to forecast the dynamic disasters in mining, but the successfully predictions of pressure disasters are much fewer. The main reason is that most methods of microseism analysis are based on single criterion. It cannot discover the internal evolution laws form the microseism monitoring data that seemingly without rules and disordered. Therefore, it is very necessary to carry out studies on ground pressure disasters forecasting based on multi-parameters of microseism time-space evolution characteristics.In this dissertation, through rock uniaxial compression test, studies on microcracks time-space evolution regularity during rock fracture process and precursory features before rock failure were carried out based on acoustic emission (AE) located technique. Aimed at the serious condition of ground pressure appeared in Hongtoushan copper mine, Kaiser effect was used to measure the original rock stress, and conducted researches on the rockburst tendency in each level. On this basis, microseism system for deep ground pressure monitoring was established. The microseism data was long range transferred from Hongtoushan copper mine to Northeastern University. The analyzed methods of rock mass stability assessment and damage evolution by excavation based on MS and AE technique were completed. After that, studies on forecasting rockburst and large scale rock mass fracture by use multi-parameters were carried out. The main content of dissertation as follows:(1) Applied autoregressive model to estimate the arrival time of AE signals. Based that, an AE source located algorithm was introduced based on least squares algorithm and Geiger algorithm, and verified by using computer simulation, pencil break test and rock acoustic emission experiment. (2) Through rock uniaxial compression experiment, studies on evolution law of microcracks generation, propagation until cut-through based on acoustic AE located technique by using many theories such as fractal theory, b value and critical theory, etc. It specially analyzed the microcracks self-organization evolution process from disorder to centralized, the establishing process of stress field long range correlation and the precursory features before rock failure, which can provide theoretical foundation for rock mass stability monitoring in situ. Meanwhile, AE sources mechanism was discussed by use of moment tensor theory.(3) Carried out survey on deep ground pressure appeared condition and summarized the ground stress distribution law in Hongtoushan copper mine. Based on measured original rock stress by Kaiser effect principle, using many criteria to judge rockburst tendency in each level in Hongtoushan copper mine.(4) Established microseism system for deep ground pressure monitoring and realized microseism data long range transferred and real time analyzed. Through waveform recognition and spectrum analysis methods, a large number of interfering signals were filtered. Then, completely seismic data quantitative analysis method was established and researches on the relationship between MS time-space changed characteristics and mine production activities in Hongtoushan copper mine were carried out. Based on the foundation of rock acoustic emission studies, ground pressure prediction methods was established by using multi-parameters such as cumulative apparent volume, energy index, spatial correlation length, fractal dimension and b value, and so on.(5) Carried out motoring on blasting excavate process in deep stope based on AE and MS techniques by using the combined method of large scale monitoring and focal monitoring. The damage evolution regularity of surrounding rock before and after the excavation was studied. Through the AE and MS activity, stress field dynamic transferred law during excavation process was studied, and the time of surrounding rock return to stable state was specially analyzed. Through the researches of MS time-space evolution law and multi-parameters predicted method, the early warning period and dangerous period of ground pressure disasters are judged, and the studies on prediction of rockburst and large scale rock mass fracture were also carried out, which is used to guide safety production in Hongtoushan copper mine.更多还原