【作者】 季诚迁；

【导师】 邢莉；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 民俗学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 古村落是农业文明的重要标志,也是中国古老文化的最生态化的记忆,保护古村落,就是保存中国农业社会的文明史,保住中华民族的精神家园。古村落的保护,不仅要保护其建筑、物质形态,更重要的是保护其世代传承的非物质文化遗产。古村落是以村民共同的生产活动为基础而相互联系的文化空间,是“人们交互作用的产物”,从村落选址、建筑选点、村落布局、建筑结构、营造选材、环境氛围等方面都蕴含着世代居民的智慧与实践。古村落,麻雀虽小,五脏俱全,是一个功能复合的多文化空间。古村落承载着生产文化、生活文化和精神文化,也传递着历史文化、地域文化与民族文化,是文化的历时性、共时性的统一,是物质文化、非物质文化的集合体,也是生产、生活节律活动的承载地。古村落,既是一个与自然相融合的生态体,也是一个中国传统文化的最基层单位,是一个文化生态系统,具有整体性。本文用文化生态学的理论重新审视古村落(肇兴侗寨)非物质文化遗产,阐释肇兴侗寨的非物质文化遗产与生态环境和文化环境之间的关系,为非物质文化遗产的研究与保护提供新的视角。目前在古村落的保护中存在着对非物质文化遗产保护重视不够的状况,而非物质文化遗产保护工作也对其产生传承展演的文化空间——古村落同样存在不足。本文以文化空间的理论阐释和认识肇兴侗寨非物质文化遗产与古侗寨相依相存的关系。一方面将肇兴的非物质文化遗产置于古侗寨的文化生境中去研究,另一方面,也把古侗寨的保护与保护其精神家园——非物质文化遗产有机地联系在一起,为古村落非物质文化遗产保护研究提供新的路径。并以非物质文化遗产的整体性理论为指南,以肇兴侗寨为个案进一步探讨了保护非物质文化遗产在建设社会主义精神文明和物质文明中的现实意义和价值体系,结合国内外古村落非物质文化遗产保护的成功经验,创新性地提出有实际指导意义的、切实可行的古村落非物质文化遗产整体性保护模式与措施。全文分五章。第一章概述了理论基础、研究缘由,界定了研究对象。第二章论述了古村落文化生态,简述了村落自然生态环境,村落选址到文化生态空间布局,并总结了肇兴侗寨村落文化生态的主要特第三章论述了古村落文化生态与非物质文化遗产之间的关系。认为生产生活是侗寨非物质文化遗产产生载体；节日节庆是侗寨非物质文化遗产重要传承；民间信仰是侗寨非物质文化遗产产生的灵动基因。第四章将侗寨非物质文化遗产置于其文化空间内进行解释分析,认为古村落的保护必须坚持整体性,只有对古村落的所有“文化空间”进行完整地、整体地施以保护,才能使非物质文化遗产保护不至流于形式。文化空间中的任何文化的缺损、破坏、湮灭,都是对文化空间的严重损伤。因此,古村落文化遗产的保护必须是整体性保护,无论是物质文化遗产还是非物质文化遗产,都是统一不可分割的一个整体。第五章提出了古村落非物质文化遗产的整体性保护原则。认为古村落与非物质文化遗产是一个整体,古村落是非物质文化遗产发生发展、展演以及传承的根基,非物质文化遗产是古村落承载历史、立足现实、连接未来的灵魂所在。非物质文化遗产离开了古村落,就如无源之水、无本之木；古村落,没有了活态生动的非物质文化遗产的展演,就如历史遗迹,没有了生气,没有了生命的灵动。由此,整体性保护,成为侗寨非物质文化遗产,乃至整个古村落非物质文化遗产保护的最佳选择。具体研究中首先对肇兴侗寨非遗的现实境遇进行研究与分析,并指明古村落非物质文化遗产整体性保护中需要厘清几对关系,即非物质文化遗产的物质性与非物质性、古村落非物质文化遗产与生态环境、非物质文化遗产及其传承主体之间的相互联系与影响。在整体性保护的原则下,古村落非物质文化遗产在处理好几对关系的基础上,需要保护和营造古村落非物质文化遗产发展和传承的环境：一是保护非物质文化遗产赖以生存的生态环境；二是保护非物质文化遗产发生、发展、展演的文化空间,保护作为传承主体的“师’与民,创造非物质文化遗产能够持续、健康发展的传承环境：三是在现代化进程中,要尊重民众的话语权,保护非物质文化遗产的人文环境更多还原

【Abstract】 Ancient village is an important symbol of agricultural civilization, the purpose of protecting the ancient village is to keep the spiritual home of the Chinese nations and the preservation of the history of Chinese agricultural civilization. For future generations, as well as protection of buildings, material form of the ancient village, more importantly to protect their intangible cultural heritage of ancient village.Ancient villages are interrelated cultural space of village-based collective activities and, are "the product of interaction between people". From the village site, the choice of site construction, village layout, building structure, atmosphere and other aspects of the environment contains the wisdom of generations.Ancient villages, small but perfectly formed, is a complex multi-functional cultural space. Ancient village bearing the production culture, living culture and spiritual culture, but also convey the history, local culture and ethnic culture, is a unity of diachronic and synchronic culture. It is a collection of tangible and intangible culture, but also the place of production and life activities.Ancient villages, is an integrated cultural and ecological systems, also the most basic units of traditional Chinese culture. In this paper, by the theory of cultural ecology re-examine the intangible cultural heritage of the ancient village (Zhaoxing Dong Village), explain the relationship of intangible cultural heritage and ecological environment of ancient Dong Village, expect to find a new way of protecting the intangible cultural heritage. In this paper, based on the theory of cultural space, explain the interdependence relationships of ancient Dong Village and its intangible cultural heritage. On the one hand must be protecting the ancient villages, on the other hand taking the intangible cultural heritage in the ancient villages. So, we must be taking integrated protection principles to protect the intangible cultural heritage of ancient villages.The dissertation contains five chapters. The first chapter outlines the theory, origins of study, and defining the object of study. The second chapter discusses the cultural ecology of ancient villages; briefly describe the natural environment, village site, spatial distribution of the village and summarized the ecological and cultural features of Dong Village.The third chapter discusses the cultural ecology of ancient villages and the relationship between intangible cultural heritages. The production life is the generated carrier of the intangible cultural heritage of Dong Village; the festival is an important integrated media of intangible cultural heritage of Dong Village; folk belief is a spiritual gene of intangible cultural heritage of Dong Village.The forth chapter taking the intangible cultural heritage of the Dong Village placed within its cultural space, and stress the importance of the integrated protection of ancient villages. The tangible or intangible cultural heritage is integral and indivisible parts of the ancient villages. In order to protect the ancient village we must protect the overall cultural spaces.The fifth chapter proposes the integrated protection of principles of intangible cultural heritage. Discusses the ancient villages are the growing, developing and transmission place of intangible cultural heritage; the intangible cultural heritage are the soul of the ancient village bearing history, based on reality, connecting the future. So, the integrated principles are the best choice of the Safeguarding. For that, firstly we need to analyse the actual situation of the intangible cultural heritage and clarify a few of the relationship:tangible and intangible character of intangible cultural heritage, the ecological environment and intangible cultural heritage of ancient villages and, the relationship of the intangible cultural heritage and its people and transmission subject. Create and protect some environments:First, protection of the ecological environment of intangible cultural heritage; second is to protect cultural space, to protect people as the main transmission, create the heritage environment to the intangible cultural heritage can be sustained and healthy development; third is in the modernization process, to respect people’s cultural choice, to protect the development environment of intangible cultural heritage.更多还原