【作者】 肖国栋；

【导师】 逄增玉；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 鲁迅属于现代中国少数能够以自己的文笔生活深刻介入社会与民族精神文化建构的作家之一,他具有把生命本体的复杂矛盾予以充分展开和强化,并在极度饱满的张力结构中保持平衡的能力。在鲁迅意识结构的诸多矛盾中,最为复杂难解的就是其死亡意识的形成及演变,简单说,应该是源于生命本能,强化于家庭变故和他沉郁热情、固执倔强、富有感受性的独特个性,且又受到进化论思想的有效理论整合,升华为关乎个人价值选择和民族存亡的忧患意识。它对鲁迅的思想面貌、认识问题及解决问题的方式都有非常重要的影响,也对他的文学创作发生着复合化的作用。死亡视域下的文学写作遍布于鲁迅的小说、散文和散文诗等多种文类。根据作品主题表达的意向不同,鲁迅小说的死亡叙事可分文化本质象征、世态人生镜像、精神困境隐指和汇通古今新编四种类型,或揭示民族文化与历史的吃人性,或映照人生事态的种种情状,或展现笔下人物的精神困境,或借古喻今求善取义。此类小说围绕死亡的展现又形成了四种叙事特征,一是最大限量的容纳、解剖人物的生活和叙述主体的人生感受与思考,二是淡化人物的具体死因,突出其中内蕴的人生意义,三是运用仪式化叙事揭示事件的原型意义,四是叙述者的介入与道德自省构成小说独特意义的支点。《野草》是鲁迅最复杂的心灵活动,充满逻辑的悖论,我们亦由此得以谛视鲁迅对于生与死、爱与憎、希望与绝望等人生命题撒旦似的追问和思考,从而认识并把握他的心灵运动的轨迹,彰显他的生命的在世方式,熔铸他的个体人格的价值取向。缘此,《野草》意象世界的建构又具有了深刻的隐喻功能,在幽冥晦暗的氛围里展现鲁迅心灵世界及其运动,或隐曲,或执着,或惨烈,或自怜,饱含着丰富和丰富的痛苦。在散文作品中,沿着死亡视域展开的是三类意蕴不同但也偶有交叉的主题,一是借写先贤或朋辈的事迹,弘扬和褒奖他们的革命精神,超拔时俗,视界深远;二是纪念进步青年和革命作家,抨击时政和社会的黑暗,祭悼死难者的勇毅和无辜,感情饱满到超载的程度;三是挽叙师情友谊,趣味横生,朴素真挚,深切感人,充满人性的温暖的光辉。这类书写既有文献价值,又有艺术韵味,相得益彰,建构了鲁迅散文一种独特的艺术空间。鲁迅不畏“向死而在”的宿命,也无惧于政治黑暗的压迫,一生行走,一生追求,既与时代进步思潮相协同,以一身担当了民族自救求新的责任,又保持着自己独特的姿态,持守了一个知识者个体人格的准则。更多还原

【Abstract】 LuXun belongs to one of the few modern Chinese writers who can be deeply involved in social, spiritual and cultural construction by his literary writing life. He has an ability to fully develop and strengthen the complex contradictions of the life ontology and to maintain the balance in the structure of full extreme tension. One of the most intricate contradictions in LuXun’s conscious structures is the formation and evolution of death consciousness. Simply speaking, it originates from the life instinct, strengthened by the family tragedies and his gloomy, warm, stubborn, sensitive and unique personality, integrated effectively by the theory of evolution, and then rises to the sense of urgency which related to the choice of personal value and existence of our Chinese nation. It also plays an important role in LuXun’s thought, understanding and problem-solving approach, and his literary creative works.The literary writing under the domain of death can be found in LuXun’s fiction, essays, prose and other genres.According to the different intentions expressed in textual themes, the death narration of LuXun’s fiction can be divided into four kinds: symbol of cultural nature, mirror image of human life, implications of mental puzzlement and new examples of ancient and modern time. It reveals the nature of human-eating of national culture and history, reflects all kinds of living situation, shows characters’mental bewilderment, or seeks goodness and justice. Centered on death, four narrative features are formed: the first one includes and analyzes characters’lives and life experience and thinking related to narrative themes to the extreme maximum limit. Second, dilutes the characters’causes of death to highlight the intrinsic meaning of life. Third, reveals the archetypal significance by using ritualized narrative. Four, the narrator’s involvement and moral self-examination constitutes the special fulcrum of the novel.“Wild Grass”is LuXun’s most complex spiritual reflection, full of logical paradox. From this one, we can understand LuXun’s Satanic questioning and thinking about some propositions such as life and death, love and hate, hope and despair, realize and grasp the trajectory of his spiritual movement, highlight the way of his living life, cast the values of his individual personality. As a result, the construction of“Wild Grass”image world has a profound metaphoric function, which can show LuXun’s inner world and its movement in the nether gloomy atmosphere, hidden, persistent, tragic or self-pity, full of richness and extensive pain.In prose works, three kinds of themes are developed under the domain of death, with different implications crossed occasionally. First, promote and praise their revolutionary spirit by writing the deeds of predecessors or peers namely with transcendence and far-reaching vision. Second, commemorate the progressive young people and revolutionary writers, criticize the darkness of the current affairs and society, recall the bravery and innocence of the victims with full affection to the extent of overloading. Third, narrate the friendship between teachers and students, amusing, simple and sincere, deeply moving, full of the glory of human warmth. These books own not only unsurpassing values, but also artistic charm, they complement each other which construct a unique art space of LuXun’s prose writing.Together with the progressive thought of the times, LuXun boldly meets the destiny of“live face to face to death”, and walks and pursuits all his life with no fear from the political oppression, taking charge of the responsibility of nation self-saving, while maintaining his own unique attitude, clinging to the maxim of individual personality as an intellectual.更多还原