【作者】 刘悦；

【导师】 于群；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 世界史， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 本文主要以1973-1974年石油危机期间的美国政策为研究课题,通过刚解密的档案材料和相关二手资料还原考据这段历史,同时解析归纳美国在石油危机爆发期间政策制定的特点。“石油危机”作为20世纪的新现象,主要表现为在石油成为世界主要能源后,由于石油商品的相对短缺或者其价格的骤然上升,从而引发的能源供应短缺,以及由此而来的经济危机和政治危机。史上共爆发的三次石油危机,并都发生在20世纪下半叶。这主要是因为在20世纪60年代,石油已经逐步在多方面替代煤炭成为现代工业的主要能源支柱之一。煤炭一直是工业革命之后世界的主要能源,这种优势保持到20世纪60年代。1965年,石油首次取代煤炭在世界能源消费结构中占据首位,①人类从此进入了“石油时代”。②石油作为一种新的能源本身虽然兼有运输方便,能量密度高等许多自身的优点,但石油在历史上取代煤炭的最主要原因还是因为在20世纪70年代以前,石油的价格很低廉,并一直是廉价能源的代名词。在中东勘探出大量的石油储备之后,中东的石油价格一直固定在每桶1美元左右,在美国,人们一直相信廉价的石油是用之不尽,取之不竭的。美国人经常形容沙特的石油和水一样便宜。廉价的中东石油逐步成为世界经济的能源基础,以美国为首的几个主要资本主义大国在20世纪70年代都已经严重依赖波斯湾的石油,数据表明到1973年,石油输出国组织所出产的石油已经占世界石油总量的55%③。如此,石油作为一种主要的经济能源,被波斯湾的少数阿拉伯国家所掌控,这使石油输出国组织和阿拉伯石油输出国组织具备了进行能源垄断的条件,这为“石油危机”的爆发提供了必要的条件。20世纪70年代第一次石油危机将“石油武器”带上历史舞台的,把世界石油体系推入了一个新的纪元,同时严重的影响力当时世界经济和政治。本课题希望把对1973-1974年石油危机的研究和美国的政策联系起来,在石油危机中论述美国外交政策和能源政策的转变,考察在1973-1974年石油危机期间美国的政策。同时,分别论述内部因素和外部因素对美国决策层政策制定的影响,以及其决策与石油生产国,石油消费国,国际石油公司和主要的相关国际组织的关系。全文共分以下六个部分,其中包括引言、四个章节和结语。具体内容如下:引言主要介绍了本文的研究方法、思路、意义和这个题目的研究现状;第一章,首先以背景的形式介绍了世界石油储量的分布,原油出产地,原油提炼能力和世界石油消费和供油,其次总体介绍了二战之后美国石油外交的总体情况,其中包括了第二次世界大战后美国杜鲁门政府、艾森豪威尔政府、肯尼迪政府、约翰逊政府,以及尼克松政府第一任期的石油外交政策;第二章主要解析十月战争爆发后到针对美国的阿拉伯国家石油禁运开始期间的美国外交政策,其中包括美国对阿拉伯国家实行石油禁运的各方评估,美国面对阿拉伯国家发出的运用石油武器警告的对策,并介绍了美国在战争中支持以色列的政策最终导致石油禁运的过程;第三章主要解析了石油危机期间美国的对策,其中以时间为主线,先后介绍了美国政府同国际石油公司合作的政策、美国的能源自给政策、美国改善拉拢阿拉伯国家的政策、美国对盟国的政策;第四章介绍的是石油危机后美国石油政策的调整,从四方面入手,首先是石油危机之后美国对中东政策的调整,其次是美国对盟国政策的调整,再次是美国倡导下的国际能源大会的召开和国际能源组织的成立,最后是石油危机对美国经济贸易的影响;结语中总结了在此时石油危机期间的决策特点。更多还原

【Abstract】 The research subject of this paper is U.S. policy during the 1973-1974 oil crisis. This study utilized a great deal of related declassified documents and secondary sources which analyzed the features of U.S. policy-making during the oil crisis."Oil crisis" was a new phenomenon in the 20th century, which was due to oil becoming the world’s major energy source, the relative shortage of petroleum products, their prices increasing sharply, a shortage of energy supply, and the resulting economic crisis and political crisis.There have been a total of three oil crises in history, which have all occurred in the second half of the 20th century. This is mainly because the 1960’s, oil gradually replaced coal in many areas of modern industry, one of the main pillars of energy. After the industrial revolution, coal has been the world’s primary energy, to maintain this advantage to the 20th century, 60 years. In 1965, oil for the first time replaced coal as the number one energy source, the start of the so-called "oil era." As a new energy source, oil had many advantages including its easy transport, energy density, and, especially, oil prices were low in the 1970s– oil was therefore synonymous with cheap energy. After Middle East oil reserves were discovered, oil prices had been fixed at around $1 a barrel in the United States. And the public had come to believe that cheap oil was inexhaustible. Americans often described the oil of Saudi Arabia to be as cheap as water. In the 1970s, with US-led major capitalist powers relying heavily on oil, cheap Middle East oil gradually become the base of the world’s energy economy. The data show that by 1973, OPEC members already were producing 55% of the total world oil. As this major economic and energy source was mainly in the hands of a few Arab countries, (e.g., OPEC and the Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries) this condition led generally to an energy monopoly, and further led to the "oil crisis.”The oil crisis of the 1970s led to oil becoming seen as a“weapon,”pushed the world’s oil system to a new era, which also had a large influence on the world economic and political situation of the time. The subject of this paper is the oil crisis of 1973-1974 and the relative U.S. policy, both foreign and economic (and the changes they underwent) during this period. Also discussed are the internal factors and external factors on the United States, the impact of policy decision-making, and its decision-making and oil-producing countries, oil-consuming countries, major international oil companies and the relevant international organizations.The following text is divided into six parts, including an introduction, four chapters and a conclusion. The details are as follows: The introduction discusses the research methods, ideas, meaning, and the subject of the status quo; the first chapter shall introduce the background in the form of the distribution of world oil reserves, the origin of crude oil, crude oil refining capacity, and world oil consumption, which will be followed by an overview of U.S. oil diplomacy after World War II, including the Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon administrations; the second chapter will analyze the outbreak of the October War against the United States begun during the Arab oil embargo, and describes the United States support for Israel in the war which would eventually lead to the policy process of the oil embargo; the third chapter analyzes the countermeasures the United States took during the oil crisis, including the development of the U.S. government policy towards international oil companies, the U.S. energy self-sufficiency policy, Arab countries improving policy, the allies; the fourth chapter discusses the adjustment of U.S. oil policy from four aspects: the first U.S. oil crisis policy adjustments in the Middle East, followed by the U.S. allies, the convening of the International Energy Conference and the establishment of the International Energy Agency, and finally the influence of the oil crisis on the U.S. economy and trade; the conclusion summarizes the special type of decision making during the oil crisis.更多还原