【作者】 侯保龙；

【导师】 乔耀章；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 政治学理论， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 随着人类社会从工业社会向后工业社会即信息社会的演进,人类面临的风险骤然增多,且被全球性的交往网络所放大,这是全球风险社会的现实。随着中国改革开放进程的深入,我国也深深地卷入到全球风险社会之中。面对风险社会带来的种种公共危机,各国政府责无旁贷。然而,传统官僚制的局限使政府的公共危机管理机制捉襟见肘,力不从心。幸运的是,20世纪80—90年代,伴随全球风险社会而来的是全球公民社会,它赋予每个人都有参与公共事务管理的权利。全球公民社会的兴起使人类公共事务的管理从以政府为单一中心的管理走向政府与公民参与的合作治理提供了基础与可能。如果我们站在政府与公民互动关系的视角,特别以治理理论为主要的理论工具来审视我国重大自然灾害性公共危机的治理问题,就会发现改革开放30多年的中国,不但造就一个公民参与意愿越来越强烈的公民社会,而且政府对公共事务的管理体制改革的趋势也在走向民主化、分权化,也在鼓励基层自治和社会参与。针对变化了的中国实际,能否把治理理论引入到我国政府公共危机管理中不但是一个重要的学理问题,更是一个不可回避的实践问题。作为特殊公共事务管理的公共危机治理虽具有突发性、紧迫性、不确定性、危害性。但是,它同时也具有公共事务管理根本的公共性。任何公共事务都应是公民可以参与的事业。再者,随着公共危机常态化、频繁化的发展趋势,公民参与公共危机治理是完全必要的,也是可行的。所以,本文分别从政治,管理和法治的途径论述了公民参与重大自然灾害性公共危机治理的重要价值。然而,由于我国公民社会起步较晚、发展步履蹒跚,现阶段我国公民参与公共危机治理还存在一些不容忽视的问题:与西方发达国家相比较,在当前我国公民社会发育不足的环境中,我国政府与公民互动存在着互动频度不高、效度不好、渠道狭窄、深度不够等突出的问题。具体表现在:公民参与的主动性和自觉性较低、公民参与的理性化和法治化程度较低、公民参与的技能亟待提高、公民参与的组织化程度较低、公民参与蕴含的公共性不足、公民参与的后继性乏力、政府与公民互动不够。这些问题出现的原因,既有政府层面的原因,也有公民自身的原因;既有经济体制层面的原因,也有传统政治文化层面的深层次原因。提出问题、分析问题是为了解决问题。对我国来说,我们能否以2008年初的南方雪灾和5月的汶川大地震中体现的公民参与的公共性为契机,化“危”为“机”,通过制度建构,使我国公民参与重大灾害性公共危机治理的行为理性化、秩序化和机制化?这就是我国公民参与重大自然灾害性公共危机治理的可行性问题。我们对该问题的回答是肯定的。在制度建构主义的理路下,论文首先论析公民参与重大灾害性公共危机治理的制度性环境,即塑造公民有序参与重大自然灾害性公共危机治理的政治、社会和文化环境和公民参与精神;最后提出一些具体的路径:组建我国公共危机治理的核心机构;公民参与重大自然灾害性公共危机治理范围的制度性拓展;公民参与组织化的制度性跃升:从弱组织化参与到高组织化参与;公民参与重大灾害性公共危机治理有序性的制度性推动:实行重大灾害性公共危机公民参与责任制、完善重大灾害性公共危机治理教育机制、推进重大灾害性公共危机动员机制科学化、推动重大灾害性公共危机沟通机制法定化、构建志愿者及其公民组织制度化参与的机制。特别是建议组建“国家公共安全部”和“国家公共危机治理委员会”,提出了志愿者及其公民组织有序参与公共危机治理的组织框架。总之,随着我国公民社会的发育,公民参与重大自然灾害性公共危机治理的能力必然有一个从量变到质变的过程,在这个过程中,党和政府的积极引导和推动是我国公民参与公共危机治理更快走向成熟的关键一环。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the evolution of human society from industrial society to post-industrial society (information society), the risks being faced by human beings are suddenly increaseing and enlarging by a global communication network. This is the reality of the global risk society. With the deepening of China’s reform and opening-up, China is also being deeply involved in the global risk society. Facing the various public crises, governments all over the world are to take responsibility for them. However, it is the limitations of the traditional bureaucratic system that stretch the government’s public crisis management powerless. Fortunately, in the 20th 80-90s, accompanied with global risk society, the global civil society was coming; the idea of which is not only a liberating thought, but is a democratic concept that everyone has rights to participate in public transaction management. The rise of global civil society provides the basis and possibility which makes human’s public affairs management from a single center’s government management to cooperation governance between government and society participation.If standing the perspective of interactions between government and citizens, particularly examine Chinese public crisis management with the governance theory as the main theoretical tool, we will find that more than 30 years of reform and opening up of China, not only is creating a more and more stronger civil society with citizens participate, but also the trend of the public affairs management system reform of government toward democratization, decentralization, and also encouraging grassroots autonomy and participation. For the changed realities in China, whether introducing the governance theory into public crisis management of our government not only is an important theoretical problem, but an unavoidable practice problem. As a special public affairs management, public crisis management with the nature of sudden, urgency, uncertainty, and harm. However, it also has the fundamentally public nature. Public affairs should be the cause of citizen participation. Furthermore, with the development trend of the normalization and frequence of public crisis, citizen participation in public crisis management is absolutely necessary and feasible. Therefore, from the ways of the politics, management and the rule of law, this paper discusses some important values of citizens participate in public crisis governance of major natural disasters. However, faced the situation of a late start, hobbled civic participation development in public crisis management, the paper mainly uses classification and comparative analysis to point out major problems of citizen participation in public crisis governance at this stage: Compared with Western countries, in the current underdevelopment of civil society environment, interaction between government and citizens has such problems as follows: frequency of interaction is not high, validity is not good, channels is narrow, depth is not enough , and other prominent issues. In particular in: citizen participation of the initiative and consciousness less , rational citizen participation and level of rule of law are low , must enhance the skills of civic participation, civic participation lower the degree of organization, citizen participation inherent lack of public nature, citizen participation in the follow-up of fatigue, not enough interaction between government and citizens. The causes of these problems both have the government level, but also citizens of their own reasons; both the existing economic system-level factors, but also political and cultural dimensions of traditional deep-seated reasons.Ask questions, analyze problems is in order to solve the problem. For China, can we through the system construction take public nature as an opportunity germinated in snow disaster in early 2008 and May’s Wenchuan earthquake, change the "crises" into a "chance", so that the behavior of our citizens participate in government public crisis governance may becom rational, order and mechanismic? In fact, this is the possibility issue for citizen participate in public crisis management.Our answer is yes.Therefore, this article first proposes methodology for citizen participation in government public crisis management system, and then analyses the institutional environment for the spirit of civic engagement formation, and finally puts forward some specific paths: Citizen participation to expand the scope of the institutional landscape; to reshape the public crisis management organizations by a large sector reform as an opportunity; the main institutional jump of citizen participation organization: from weak to strong organization participation;the institutional promotion of orderly citizen participating in a major disaster of public crisis management: Implementating accountability of citizen participation in a major disaster, improvong the education system of citizen participation, promoting the mobilization mechanism scientific, promoting the communication mechanism statutory, and constructing the stitutionalized participation mechanisms of volunteers and civic organizations. In short, with the development of civil society, the citizen participation in government public crisis management is bound to have another process from quantitative to qualitative change. In this process, it is a key ring that the party and the government are actively promoting citizen participation in China public crisis governance of major natural disastersin to mature faster.更多还原