【作者】 李新；

【导师】 李群；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 科学技术史， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 农业是国民经济的基础,畜牧业是农业的重要组成部分。畜牧业发展的好坏,不仅关系到一个国家或地区经济发展的水平,还与人民群众的生活息息相关。而古语有云“牧以畜为体,畜以饲为天”,饲料对于牲畜的重要作用正如食物之于人类,不可轻忽。营养物质在“土壤—植物—动物—人”之食物链中的流向与转移,不但是农业生产的根本基础,也是农业生产的最终目的。现代农业的最大特点就是营养物质在食物链中的快速和高效转移与回流。动物营养学正是一门研究营养物质摄入与动物生命活动(包括生产)之间关系的科学。因此,动物营养学不但是动物生产的理论基础,也是生命科学和资源环境科学的组成部分,有着广阔的发展前景,回顾总结其百年的发展历程对于今后的发展大有裨益。中国驯养动物有一万多年的历史了,在这漫长的历史时期内勤劳智慧的中国人积累了许多畜禽饲养方面的经验,其中不乏饲料选择与如何喂养的内容,这在古代农书中多有涉及。然而,那只是建筑在长期生产实践基础上的经验积累,并非以科学试验为依据,所以还称不上动物营养科学。回顾我国动物营养科学史,大体上是从20世纪20年代开始,到如今已然经过了近百年的发展历程,大致可以分为三个阶段：第一阶段,20世纪二三十年代开始到1949年的肇始与奠基阶段；第二阶段,1949年到20世纪70年代末的曲折发展；第三阶段,20世纪70年代末到现在的转折与蓬勃发展阶段。当中国动物营养科学发展的第一阶段,我们的祖国正处于内忧与外患并存之际,晚清以来的衰颓局面未见好转,频繁的战争和连年的自然灾害使得民生凋敝,国家经济几近破产；就是在危机之中,畜牧业的重要地位和作用更加凸显出来,也由此备受重视。而较之中国传统的基于感性经验的畜牧饲养方式,西方利用科学试验得来的现代技术,对于增产增收效果更好,动物营养科学恰是近现代科学畜牧中最重要的一个方面,于是这门科学开始在中国扎根发芽并成长起来。虽然当时此方面的科研教育机构乃至学会组织等还大都蕴含在大畜牧之中,但无疑已作为大畜牧科学中很重要的一部分被提及,甚至专门成立这方面的专门系组从事科研工作,也取得了一些研究成果。这对于科学畜养风气的形成颇有助益,同时也为此后中国动物营养科学的发展提供了一定的物质基础和研究、管理经验,为我国动物营养科学的发展奠定了良好的基础。当中国动物营养科学发展的第二阶段,受国内政治经济大背景的影响,我国动物营养科学虽走了些弯路,但也有曲折的发展。20世纪70年代末,中国动物营养科学终于迎来它发展的春天,开始了蓬勃发展的第三阶段。1978年以后动物营养专业正式设立并发展完善,1980年成立了专业学会,1989年本专业学术刊物创刊发行,至此,一个学科独立的三个标志已经全部具备。30多年来,动物营养与饲料科学在养殖业及饲料工业上的普遍应用,使得我国肉、蛋、奶等畜产品产量持续增长,全国人民膳食结构得到极大改善。在诸多因素的影响推动下,我国动物营养科学经过百年发展,终于取得了现在来之不易的成绩；同时它的发展也深刻影响着人民的生产生活等方方面面。社会的发展和观念的转变,将会使人们对动物营养科学的要求不断提高,这对于动物营养科学的发展来讲既是挑战也是希望。我国动物营养科学研究正经历着从常量到微量,从静态到动态,从整体到组织,从表观到内涵,从单因子对比到多因子互作的深入发展。由描述为主的科学向控制科学转变,由“分析时代”进入“系统时代”已然成为目前世界范围内的整体趋势,中国自不能例外。但是,在未来的发展中,中国动物营养科学还是要根据国情,在继承传统,重视当下,学习借鉴国外经验的基础上走出一条属于自己的道路,这本身就具有世界意义!论文正是以20世纪中国动物营养学的发展史为研究对象,首先介绍了20世纪中国动物营养学发展的基础和背景,之后分别从组织机构、相关书刊、人才队伍以及科研内容和成果等方面对中国动物营养学在20世纪前、后50年的发展情况进行了研究,进而对中国动物营养学百年发展的动因和社会影响进行了分析,最后一章总结了中国动物营养学百年发展的经验,并对未来发展趋势进行了展望。更多还原

【Abstract】 Agriculture is the foundation of national economy, and the stockbreeding is an important part of agriculture. The development status of stockbreeding relates not only to national or regional economy but also to people’s daily life. There are ancient words that livestock is substance for stockbreeding and feedstuff is lifeblood of livestock. The role so important of feedstuffs to livestock just as that of food to man. Transferences of nutrient material in food chain "soil-plant-animal-mankind" is basic and final purpose of agricultural production. A prominent characteristic of modern agriculure is tranceferring quickly and efficiently of nutritive in food chain. Animal nutrition is just a discipline on relationship of diet intake and animal life activities. So animal nutrition is not only the theory basic of animal production but also an important part of biological science and resources-environment science, and will has broad prospects. It will be of great benefit for the development in future to review and summarize the developing history of a century of Chinese animal nutrition science.In China,domesticating wild animal is ten thousand years. Diligent and sapiential Chinese accumulated many experiences of feeding animals in so long time. Many information about this was recorded in ancient agricultural books. Those experiences could not be called animal nutrition because those based on daily practising not on scientific experiment. Almost one hundred years has gone since the beginning of Chinese animal nutrition science from the 1920’s. This one hundred years development should be divided into three stages:the one stage from the 1920’s to 1949 is the foundation stage; the two stage from 1949 to the 1970’s is the tortuous development stage; the three stage from last years of 1970’s to today is the transition and flourishing development stage. During the first stage, our country was in internal and external troubles. Decay situation from the late Qing dynasty didn’t mending. The people’s livelihood was bad and the state economy was ruined because of natural disasters and frequent wars. Facing crisis the stockbreeding became more important and received more attention. Animal nutrition science is an important part in modern scientific stock keeping. The feeding model based on scientific experiment has better effect than that based on daily practising experiences. So the discipline was enrooted and developed in China. At that time scientific research institution and learned society organizations was subsumed in broad livestock field. But animal nutrition has been mentioned of so outstanding that the special department engaging studies on this aspect was established. This took great role in forming atmosphere of scientific animal breeding. And at the same time it layed a foundation for our Chinese animal nutrition science by providing material base and experience of reserch and manage. During the second stage Chinese animal nutrition science developed on a tortuous way under the whole political and economic background. In last years of 1970’s the spring of Chinese animal nutrition science was becoming, so the third stage with great development was beginning. After 1978 the animal nutrition discipline was set up formally and develop continuously. The professional society was established in 1980, and professional academic magazine started publication in 1989. Till then three signs of independent discipline were possessed. More than 30 years animal nutrition and feed science was generally used on breeding and feed industry. So the people’s dietary structure was improved obviously with the increasing of meat, eggs and milk.Influenced and impelled by many factors, Chinese animal nutrition science has procured hard-won achievement. At the same time it’s development influences people’s life in just about all aspects. With the developing of society and the change of idea, the requirment of people to animal nutrition science is increasing. That is a challenge and a opportunity for future development of animal nutrition science. Chinese animal nutrition science is experiencing tranformation from normal amount to micro amount, from static state to dynamic state, from whole to microstructure, from appearanc to core, from contrast of single factor to mutual working of poly-factor. It is the overall trend of animal nutrition science from analysis era to control era in the world including China today. But in future development Chinese animal nutrition science should go a characteristic way based on national conditions, by means of carrying on traditions, paying great attention on today, learning from foreign county. This also has worldwide significance!The hundred years developing history on Chinese animal nutrition science is the subject investigated in this paper. At first the foundation and background of developing was introduced. Subsequently, the paper researched on the anterior and the posterior half of the 20th century’s one hundred years throung related organizations, books and periodicals, talent team and scientific research of Chinese animal nutrition science. Then development motivation and social influence of the Chinese animal nutrition was analyzed. In the last chapter the paper summarized experience of the one hundred years developing and prospects for the future of Chinese animal nutrition.更多还原