【作者】 胡茂胜；

【导师】 曹幸穗；

【作者基本信息】 南京农业大学 ， 科学技术史， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 中国是一个农业大国,数千年来农业就一直是中国人的根本生计。大多数中国人都是农民,国民生产总产值的大部分也都来自农业,这就是中国人生活的实质。只有农业发达了,中国现代化的最终实现才是有希望的。在以农立国的传统中国,农业发展问题从根本上来说就是如何实现近代化或现代化的问题。推动农业近代化的力量有很多,士绅便是其中一支重要力量。由他们来组织和领导农业改良,推动农业的近代转型,这是社会发展的必然,也是历史赋予他们的重任。江苏是中国南方“精耕细作”农业的典型代表,也是传统农业向近代农业转型比较成功的地区。同时,它也是我国历史上著名的鱼米之乡,有着良好的农业资源和禀赋,传统农业比较发达,是近代中国农业商品化程度较高、农业资本主义产生较早、受外国资本主义经济入侵影响最大的地区之一。此外,江苏地区还是西学东渐中的一个重要港口,士绅阶层较早受西方农学的影响,其开明程度以及对新事物的接受能力,明显高于国内其他省份。研究士绅对江苏农业近代化的影响,可以为当今江苏乃至中国农业的现代化起到一定的历史借鉴作用与启发意义。论文以士绅为视角,以农业近代化为研究主线,系统探讨了鸦片战争后中国传统农业面临的问题与挑战、江苏士绅对近代化农业的认识、译介及倡导,并考察了士绅对推动江苏农业科研、农业经营管理方式、农业教育及农业技术的近代化所起的作用,最后分析了江苏士绅近代化农业实践的动因、成效及历史局限性。研究以历史唯物主义和辨证唯物主义为指导,历史学的分析和综合、演绎和归纳研究法,成为本课题解释历史和行文的基本工具,并结合现代化的理论方法。同时,由于研究对象是近代士绅和近代农业,所以历史文献法便成为最基本的研究方法。通过对有关近代士绅及江苏农业的档案、专著、期刊、报纸等历史文献资料的爬梳、整理和研究,尽可能准确地还原士绅在江苏农业近代化中的地位与作用。这既是选题的学术价值所在,也是论文企求达到的学术目标。中国是一个历史悠久的农业大国,也是世界著名的栽培作物起源中心之一。中国传统农业生产技术成熟早、水平高,曾经在一千多年中是世界领先的。明清以来,农业生产工具一直没有大的改进,农业技术也未见大的改观。清朝后期,西方近代化机械、电气、化工等发展到了较高水平,在此基础上西方产生了以机械化、电气化和化肥的使用为主要特色的近代化农业,并且又有了与之相适应的近代化农业教育体系,再加上人口、耕地等诸多问题开始困扰中国农业,所以晚清时期江苏传统农业面临着严峻的挑战。传统农业生产技术长期停滞不前,没有大的改观；农业品种缺少改良,无法与西方科学选育良种相比；传统的农产品加工业资金贫乏,生产分散,技术落后,产品质量低劣,生产成本高昂,以致无论在国际市场上,还是国内市场上,都无法与洋货竞争。另外,农民的文化素质普遍低下,从而妨碍了江苏传统农业向近代农业的转型,成了制约江苏农业近代化的“瓶颈”。晚清时,江苏不少士绅第一次迈出了国门,踏上了出洋考察或修学的征程。尽管他们的初衷并不是要考察西方的近代化农业,然而在游历过程中却不断地看到西方先进的农业科技,无不观之而惊叹。他们第一次切身感受到了中国与西方在农业方面的差距,是最早受近代化农业启蒙的一批人。出洋的所见所闻,为他们日后著农书、立农说提供了丰富的素材。他们通过著述,一方面向世人介绍了西方的先进农业科技,另一方面也开始反思中国的传统农业,倡导推行近代化农业。他们对近代化农业的译介和倡导,为江苏士绅实践近代化的农业奠定了舆论基础。农业科技离不开实验。推广农业新技术的先导性和基础性步骤,就是建立农事试验场。近代化农业科技传入中国之后,江苏士绅或是协助地方政府筹建近代化农事试验场,或是资助农事试验场,或是自己创办不同级别、不同规模的试验场,大大推动了江苏农业科研的发展。此外,中国传统的小农经营方式,是一家一户的家庭式生产,缺乏合作与交流,从而影响农业技术的提高。随着士绅们对西方国家农业经营管理方式认识的不断深入,加上中国小农生产面临的挑战,他们开始仿效西方和日本兴办农会,创建农业公司,实施规模化经营管理。农业近代化或现代化能否实现,农业能否振兴,很大程度上取决于农民的素质和能力,而掌握农业科技知识是提高农民科技文化素质的前提。因此,江苏士绅们对发展近代化农业教育,传播和推广近代农业科技知识,非常重视。他们不仅创办了各种近代化的农业学校,还很注重农业的社会教育,筹办了农业博览会。他们兴办的一些农务组织也发挥了教育功能,起到了推广农业科技知识的作用。近代以降,中国传统农业发展比较缓慢,与西方国家之间的差距愈来愈大。要实现经济现代化就必须对传统农业进行改造。进行农业科学试验,转变农业经营管理方式,传播和推广近代化的农业科技知识,这只是士绅们力图改造江苏传统农业的第一步,也是基础性的步骤,而要真正实现对江苏传统农业的改造,使其走上近代化的道路,则必须将近代农业技术运用到生产中。为此,江苏士绅们大力推广近代化的农业技术,期望能够早日实现农业的近代化。晚清民国时期,江苏士绅开展了一系列的近代化农业实践。他们之所以要致力于近代化农业的推广,主要源于以下几方面因素的推动：一是政府的政策支持,二是科举废除以后士绅在职业、知识结构、生存空间和价值观上都发生了转变,三是士绅的传统功能在近代得以延伸,四是地方自治下士绅的权力不断扩张。这些都为士绅们传播和推广近代化的农业创造了条件。作为地方精英的士绅在推广近代化的农业方面,取得了比较显著的成效。一方面,是在推行近代化农业的过程中出现了一些以往传统社会内部所不具备的新兴事物。另一方面,传统农务事项也获得了新的发展。士绅们的农业实践,推动了江苏传统农业向近代农业的转型。当然,相对江苏广大农村地区而言,士绅们的农业活动还不足以使江苏农业完全走上近代化的道路。他们在发展近代化的农业中倾心倾力,出钱出地,然而论及业绩,倡导启蒙的意义远大于经济发展的意义,对地方经济的推动,依然只是沧海中之一粟,晨曦中之一抹亮光而已。之所以如此,其中的原因是多方面的,除了社会制度、人口问题、工业基础薄弱等因素以外,与士绅自身的局限性也有很大关系。回顾和总结士绅在江苏农业近代化中的经验教训,无疑可以为今天的乡村地方精英们提供不少珍贵的历史启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 China is a large agricultural nation. Agriculture have been Chinese basic livelihood and economy and lifestyle soul for thousands of years. Most Chinese are farmers. Most of the gross national product are also from agriculture. This is the essence of Chinese life. Only rural developed, the ultimate realization of China’s modernization is hopeful. So, agricultural development problem basically is a problem how to realize modernization in agricultural China. Many forces can promote agricultural modernization in China, and the gentlemen is one important force of them. They organize and lead agricultural improvements, promote agricultural modernization. This is the inevitable result of social development and also their burden given by the history.Jiangsu is the typical representative of intensive cultivation agriculture in South China, and it is successful that transformation from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. At the same time, it is also the famous land of fish and rice in the history.It has good agricultural resources and endowment, its traditional agriculture relatively developed. It is one of the areas of high degree of the agricultural commercialization, agricultural capitalist producing earlier, and biggest influenced by the economic invasion of foreign capitalist. In addition, Jiangsu is an important port of western academic ideas spread to China. The gentlemen earlier influence by the western agriculture, and it is obviously higher than domestic other provinces on the enlightened degree and ability of accepting the new things. It can play a certain historical reference and enlightenment significance for agricultural modernization in Jiangsu or Cnina that studying the influences on the gentlemen and agricultural modernization in Jiangsu.This paper as a perspective of the elites and modern agricultural technology dissemination and promotion of the main line for the study, explores that traditional agriculture in Jiangsu how to decline since modern times, the elites in Jiangsu how to influence by Western agriculture, the city elites in Jiangsu how to preliminarily spread modern agricultural knowledge, the grassroots elites how to popularize the knowledge of modern agricultural science and technology, and then it studys how the elites in Jiangsu practice the modern agricultural technology, then it evaluates that the elites popularize the modern agricultural science and technology. Guided by the dialectical materialism and historical materialism, methods empoyed in the paper including analysis, empirical research and deduction in history become the basic tools of explaining the subject and history, supplemented by a combination of micro and macro research methods. At the same time, the method of historical documents has become the most basic research method because this paper studys modern gentlemen and agriculture. It will as accurately as possible restore the role of the gentlemen in the agricultural modernization by studying the files, monographs, journals, newspapers and other historical documents about modern gentlemen and agriculture in Jiangsu. This is the academic value of the selected topic, which also seeks to reach the academic target of this paper.China is a long history of large agricultural country and it is the world’s leading centers of origin of cultivated crops. Chinese traditional agricultural production technology mature early, level is high, once in a thousand years is the world’s leading. But since Ming and qing dynasties, no large agricultural production tools improvement, agricultural technology in the original basis more precise and perfect improvement. By the late Qing Dynasty, the Western modernization of mechanical, electrical, chemical and other development to a higher level, on this basis, the West had to mechanization, electrification and the use of chemical fertilizers as the main characteristics of modern agriculture, and there has been a corresponding Agriculture to adapt to the modern education system, coupled with the population, farmland, and many other problems began to haunt the agriculture, so the late Qing period, China’s traditional agriculture is facing severe challenges. During this period, the traditional agricultural production technology has gone downhill, and The cultivation technology, sericulture technology, fishing technology, agro-processing technologies and production tools, have lagged behind Western countries and Japan. The traditional agricultural product processing industry lack the money, their production spread, their technology is backward, their product quality is poor, their production costs is high and can not compete with foreign goods, so whether it is in the international market, or in the domestic market, the decline of trade in agricultural products has emerged. In addition, because the traditional agricultural education lagges behind, the farmers generally cultural knowledge level is very low, so that it is continuously filled with superstition in agricultural production, and they lack of awareness and skills of improving traditional agriculture, which hinder the agricultural modernization in Jiangsu and become a "bottleneck".Many elites in Jiangsu firstly embark on a a journey of going abroad in Late Qing Dynasty. Although their original intention is not to investigate the Western modern agriculture, they marvel at the Western advanced agricultural science and technology when travelling. They firstly feel the gap in the agricultural technology between China and the West. They are a group of people who are enlightened by the modern agriculture at the earliest. The experiences of going abroad provide a wealth of materials for writing books later. They introduce to the world of the Western modernization of agricultural machinery, animal husbandry, agricultural researches, horticulture and agricultural education by writing books. A group of the gentlemen actively advocate the development of agriculture after the Sino. They recognize that the Western and Japanese agriculture develop rapidly because of using agricultural knowledge and modern science. They begin to reflect Chinese traditional agriculture, and advocate the introduction of the western modern agricultural technology to transform the backwardness of agriculture in China. So, they make a series of ideas of modern agriculture.Agricultural technology cannot leave the experiment. The progress and basic step of promoting new agricultural technologies is to establish agricultural experiment stations. After modern agricultural science and technology is introduced into China, the elites in Jiangsu assist the local governments to build agricultural experiment stations, or fund the agricultural experiment stations, or set up different levels and sizes experiment stations, which greatly promote the development of agricultural research. In addition, the Chinese tradition of small-scale peasant mode of operation, is a household family production, lack of cooperation and communication, thereby affecting the improvement of agricultural technology. As for western countries the elites of agricultural management method known unceasingly thorough, plus China smallholder production challenges, they begin to imitate western and Japanese cdfis, create agricultural companies, establishe scale management and implementation. Whether agricultural modernization can realize, depends largely on the farmer’s quality and ability, and master agriculture science and technology knowledge is to improve farmers’sci-tech and cultural qualities of premise. Therefore, the development of modernization of elites in Jiangsu of agricultural education, spread and popularization of agricultural science and technology knowledge, modern take very seriously. They not only establish various modernizing agriculture schools, also attach great importance to the social education, organizing agricultural expositions. The farm organizations also play educational function and play a role in the promotion of agricultural science and technology.In modern period, Chinese traditional agricultural develop slowly, and the gap between western countries is increasing large. To achieve economic modernization is necessary to transform the traditional agriculture. Scientific experiments in agriculture, changes in agricultural business management, dissemination and promotion of modern agricultural technology knowledge, this is only the first step,but also the basic steps, that the elites seek to transform traditional agriculture in Jiangsu. And to realize the transformation of traditional agriculture in Jiangsu and make it onto the road of modernization, it must use the modern agricultural technology into production. So, the elites in Jiangsu promote modern agricultural technology and look forward to realize modern agriculture early.In the period of late Qing dynasty and the Republic of China, the elites in Jiangsu conduct a series of modern agricultural practices. They want commitment to the promotion of modern agriculture, mainly due to the promotion of the following factors:First, the Government’s policy support, and second, after the abolition of the gentry in the imperial occupation, knowledge structure, both living space and a shift in values the third is the traditional function of the gentry can be extended in modern times, fourth, local self-government powers under the continuous expansion of the gentry. These create the conditions for disseminating and promoting modern agriculture for the elites. The elites promoting modern agriculture has made notable achievements. On the one hand, newly sprouted things appear in the process of promoting modern agriculture. On the other hand, the traditional farming issues also gained new development. Their agricultural practices promote the transformation of the traditional agriculture to modern agriculture in Jiangsu. Of course, for the relatively rural areas in Jiangsu, their agricultural activities are not enough to make the agriculture in Jiangsu run into the way of early modernization. They make their all efforts to develop modern agriculture. However, the significance of enlightenment is more important than that of economic development. Review and summarize the lessons of the elites promoting modern agriculture can provide valuable historical enlightenments for today’s emerging elites.更多还原