【作者】 李军军；

【导师】 李建平； 李闽榕；

【作者基本信息】 福建师范大学 ， 政治经济学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 工业革命以来,社会生产力极大提高,人类生产并消费了大量物质产品,以煤炭、石油为主的化石能源消耗排放大量二氧化碳等温室气体,形成温室效应,对生态环境产生严重影响。碳排放和温室效应导致气候异常变化是一个全球性的公共环境问题,已经引起国际社会广泛关注,联合国和一些国家政府及非政府机构开始组织、协调全球温室气体减排工作,包括成立联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC),通过制定国际碳减排合作机制、分配碳排放配额、创设碳排放交易市场等途径,兼用管制和市场两种手段,发挥经济规律作用,遏制碳排放量过快增长。大多数国家制定了应对气候变化行动方案、政策和法规,积极发展低碳经济,努力实现碳减排目标。由于各国经济发展水平的差异,受气候变化影响程度不同,实施碳减排的经济基础和发展低碳经济的动机也不同,加之完成碳减排目标与国家利益存在各种冲突,都使得国际碳减排合作是一个多方利益博弈均衡的过程。联合国气候大会上,各国针对如何建立国际碳减排机制的激烈争论,表面上只是发达国家与发展中国家对碳减排分配方案的争议,实质上是各国争夺发展权和国际经济新秩序的主导权。各国积极发展低碳经济,通过低碳技术创新,发展新能源产业,完善低碳经济市场机制,提高碳减排能力,并且尝试在国际贸易中征收碳关税,设置绿色贸易壁垒,希望在国际低碳经济领域掌握主导权,以获取国家最大经济和政治利益。可以说,国际低碳经济竞争已经成为覆盖政策、技术、资本和产业的全方位竞争,并且上升为国家战略利益的竞争,低碳经济竞争已经成为全球化背景下国家竞争的重要内容。作为一个发展中大国,中国经济社会发展中还面临诸多难题,但中国政府从全人类长远利益和国际责任出发,一直高度重视全球气候变化问题,恪守“共同但有区别的责任”原则,积极参与国际应对气候变化合作,将应对气候变化作为经济社会发展的重大战略,在决策思路、法规政策、行动措施等方面做出了积极努力,并正式对外宣布控制温室气体排放的行动目标,决定到2020年碳排放强度(单位国内生产总值二氧化碳排放)比2005年下降40%-45%,作为约束性指标纳入“十二五”及其后的国民经济和社会发展中长期规划,这是一个高标准和具有挑战性的目标,也展现了中国政府实现低碳发展的决心和信心。但中国经济发展水平还很低,人口众多,经济社会发展任重道远,正处在工业化、城市化和现代化进程加快推进的关键时期,经济快速增长,又存在自主创新能力不足,经济增长方式存在“高投入、高消耗、高排放、不协调、难循环、低效率”的问题,低水平重复建设导致过剩产能和落后产能,浪费大量资源能源。能源、汽车、钢铁、交通、化工、建材等高耗能产业的快速发展,使中国成为“高碳经济”的典型代表。发达国家工业化进程数百年来分阶段出现、解决的环境问题,在中国短短几十年的发展中集中出现,留给中国解决问题的时间非常紧迫。面对保持经济高速增长的迫切需要和资源、能源、环境的约束,中国如何履行碳减排的国际责任和承诺?如何促进低碳技术创新和发展低碳产业参与国际竞争?又该如果在国际低碳经济发展潮流中,提高国内低碳经济发展水平,有效应对国际碳减排机制对国内经济发展的影响,持续提升国际竞争力?提升中国低碳经济竞争力,关乎中国可持续发展,关乎中国未来国际发展空间,是值得研究的重大问题,具有深刻的理论和现实意义。本文坚持以马克思主义政治经济学基本理论为指导,在低碳经济和国际竞争力交叉的全新领域,做了积极探索,包括理论体系、评价体系和对策体系三大部分内容。理论体系是在广泛收集、研究相关文献基础上,根据研究目的和研究意义,搭建分析低碳经济竞争力的理论框架。在充分借鉴国内外相关研究成果基础上,综合运用经济学、管理学、环境学等多学科理论,构建低碳经济竞争力的理论体系,界定了低碳经济竞争力的概念和内涵,分析了低碳经济竞争力的主要特征、构成要素和内在动力,构造了低碳经济运行体系和要素模型,作为理论分析框架和评价实践的基础。在理论分析基础上,借鉴应用国际竞争力评价的主流方法,同时结合低碳竞争的特点,构建独具特色的低碳经济竞争力综合评价体系,包括三个内容,一是设计指标体系和权重,二是设计评价模型,三是根据收集的数据进行综合评价,并对评价结果进行全面解读和分析。评价体系客观地反映了当前及未来一段时期各国低碳经济竞争的态势和趋势,客观反映了各国的竞争优劣势,也为中国提升低碳经济竞争力提供参考依据。根据理论推演和综合评价结果提出增强中国低碳经济竞争力的战略和对策,把抽象的理论分析和具体的综合评价结合起来,通过归纳总结制约和影响各国低碳经济竞争力的主要指标、薄弱环节和根源,以及各国低碳经济竞争力的可能发展趋势,提出培育中国低碳经济竞争优势的途径,有针对性地提出对策措施和实践行动,为中国提升低碳经济竞争力提供参考依据,推动低碳经济的科学发展和协调发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Humans have produced and consumed numerous material goods since the industrial revolution, especially huge carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from fossil fuel, such as coal, oil, etc, which hade made the greenhouse effect, causing serious damage to the ecological environment. Climate change cased by greenhouse effect and carbon emissions has become a global public environmental issue and caused international concern. The United Nations and some other NGOs begun to organize and coordinate the work of carbon emission reducing, including setting up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC), designing carbon reducing international rules, allocation of carbon emission, creating carbon emissions market, etc. and curbing the excessive growth of carbon emission by the ways of control and market to make economic laws play. Most countries have developed laws, action program, policies to against climate change; develop low-carbon economy actively to achieve carbon reduction targets.But no country really want to accomplished carbon emission reduction targets when the task conflict to its interests, that make the international carbon reduction process would be a intense negotiations, for countries are difference in developmental stage, degrees affected by climate change, economic base for carbon reduction and motives to low-carbon economy. All the countries debated on how to establish an international mechanism about carbon reduction on the UN climate conferences, which means difference suggestion on allocation of carbon emission between developed and developing countries, in essence, countries compete for the right to development and ownership of the new international economic order. Many countries engaged innovation low-carbon technology, develop new energy industries, improve market mechanism to develop low-carbon economy and enhance the ability of carbon emissions reduction and impose carbon tariffs in international trade as new trade barriers to led the international low-carbon economy and obtain the maximum economic and political interests.Now the competition in low-carbon economy has become a full range of competition covering policy, technology, capital and industries, a competition for the national strategic interests, and an important part of the national competition in the global economy.As the biggest developing country, China still faces many challenges in economic and social, but Chinese government has always attached great importance to global climate change, concerned long-term interests of human and international responsibility. China abides by the "common but differentiated responsibilities", and participates in international cooperation on climate change actively; regard climate change as a major economic and social development strategy; has made positive efforts in decision, policies and action, and formally announced the targets on control greenhouse gas emissions that carbon intensity in 2020 would be 40%-45% less than 2005, and binds the target into "twelfth five" plan and other subsequent long-term economic and social development plan, which is a high standard and challenging goals and demonstrates the Chinese government’s determination and confidence to low-carbon economy.Even though the rapid growth rate of economy, China still has long way to go on the industrialization, urbanization and modernization process for its low development, great population, lack of independent innovation capacity, and its economy has the characterize of "high input, high consumption and high emissions, lack of coordination, difficult cycle, low efficiency", duplication investment and backward production capacity have been wasting enormous resources and energy. Six high energy consumption industries including energy, automobile, steel, transport, chemicals, building materials have been developing rapidly, that make china a "high-carbon economy" typically. Environmental problems of developed countries over several centuries to solve in the process of industrialization emerge in just a few decades and leave china no more time to solve it.How can china implement carbon reduction targets and commitment to global when facing the urgent need for rapid economic growth and constraints from resources, energy, and environment? How to participate in international competition by promoting carbon technology innovation and developing low carbon industry? How can china enhance the international competitiveness continually by developing low-carbon economy and dealing with the impact on domestic economy effectively from international carbon reduction mechanism? Enhance China’s low-carbon economy competitiveness is related to sustainable development and future international development space, is a profound theoretical and practical significance issue to study.This paper adheres to the basic theory of Marxism political economy; research the new cross-field between low-carbon economy and international competitiveness, including theoretical system, evaluation system and measures system.Theory system is the theoretical framework for competitive analysis based on literature research, research purpose and research significance. Based on economics, management science, environmental science and other multi-disciplinary theory, constructs theoretical system and defines the basic content for the low-carbon economic competitiveness, analysis main features, components, and intrinsic motivation of the low Carbon of economic competitiveness, constructs the operation system and factor model of low carbon economy, as a theoretical framework and the basis for assessment practiceCombined with the characteristics of low carbon competition, it builds a unique evaluation system for low-carbon economic competitiveness in mainstream method of evaluation, including index system, evaluation model and a comprehensive evaluation with data collected from yearbooks, from which comprehensive analysis and interpretation of the evaluation results. The evaluation system reflects the national low-carbon economy competition situation and trends in the current and future period, the country’s competitive advantages and disadvantages, as the guiding for China to enhance the low-carbon economic competitiveness.According to theoretical deduction and the evaluation results, it summarizes key indicators, weak links and causes that influence the low-carbon economic competitiveness of various countries, analysis the potential development trend of them, and puts forward corresponding countermeasures, practical action and important policy recommendations for china to improve Chinese low-carbon economic competitiveness, which is benefit for scientific development and coordinated development.更多还原