【作者】 张冬梅；

【导师】 杨立新； 王岗峰；

【作者基本信息】 福建师范大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 、林权问题起源于我国林业生产经营与林权制度改革的实践。我国《宪法》明确规定森林资源只能由国有和集体所有,在林业生产资料公有的情况下,如何促进林业生产力的发展,是一个重要的基础问题。林权制度就是通过赋予国家和集体以外的非所有权人以森林资源的使用、收益的权利,以明晰产权为基础,支持林权人自主经营,有效利用森林资源,促进森林生态及环境的可持续发展。我国半个多世纪林权制度改革的实践证明,森林资源公有制并不影响将林权作为一种私权看待,从民法物权法的角度对其加以具体规范,才能有效地利用相关的法律制度确定林权的效力,同时为林权提供适当的制度规范和法律救济。对私权意义上的林权研究的起点和基础是对林权概念的界定,总结“林权”一词在我国法律和政策体系中的历史及现状可以看出,林权问题关注的焦点和法律规制的目标在于：林权的主体是只能是国家、集体之外的自然人、法人和其他组织；林权的客体是森林资源,包括森林、林地、林木以及依附于其间的其他林业资源；林权的内容是林权人依所物权法,对森林资源所享有的权利,包括占有、使用、收益及适当的处分权。因此,在概念上,林权是以森林资源所有权为基础,以对特定的森林资源的使用、收益为目的的、特殊的用益物权。在我国物权法体系中,林权因其客体特征、规范功能与矿业权、渔业权、取水权等自然资源用益物权相同或相似,在法律位阶上应当与上述权利类型一致。但与现有的自然资源用益物权(渔业权、矿业权、海域使用权等)和土地用益物权(土地承包经营权、地上权、地役权等)相比,林权仍有其独具的法律特征,物权法应当在用益物权一章将其作为一种独立的权利类型加以单独规定。同时,林权因其标的物的复合性构成,在其内部有着独特的,体系化的具体权利构造,在权利类型上包括林地使用权、林木经营权和森林经营权。三者依客体关系既相互独立、又相互联系,共同构成林权的下位概念体系。在此基础上关联而成的林权,又是一个独立的权利概念,其功能在于统摄全部具体权利,以体现森林资源作为一种生态系统的独立存在,并协调内部各具体权利类型间的冲突和矛盾。从法律效力上看,林权也具有排他效力、优先效力、追及效力和物权请求权效力等物权效力。但受标的物特征和权利性质的影响,林权的物权效力显然与普通的物权存在差异。为保证林权法律效力的实现,在我国,无论是公法和私法都对林权提供了一定的法律保护和权利救济。但目前看来,这些救济方式未成体系且规范不明确,针对性不强,仍有待完善。在林权制度的物权法建构中,还涉及林权设立、流转和消灭等物权变动的问题。在权利设立方面,我国区分森林资源的国家所有和集体所有,依不同的设立方式决定林权登记的不同效力。同时,在资源初始分配后,为鼓励更多主体参与森林资源的开发利用,提高效率,法律上也应对流转作出相应的制度规范,解除现行法对林权流转的不必要的限制。对于林权的消灭,法律尚无明确规定,但依物权法理,林权也会因特定法律事实的发生而消灭,导致林权法律关系的终止。林权的这些法律制度应当被纳入物权法的规范体系中加以明确,但同时也需要由森林法等单行法规对林权的相关具体问题进行规定,通过不同法律部门在林权内外部体系构建上的分工和协调,共同实现用益物权体系内林权法律制度的建构。更多还原

【Abstract】 The problem of forest rights is originated in the practice of the forestry management and the reform of collective forest rights in our country. It is clearly regulated that the forest resources can only be state-owned or collective-owned in our Constitution. So how to promote the development of the forest productivity is an important basis problem under the case of public ownership.The system of forest right is by giving the rights of using the forest resources to the non-owners outside of the nation and collective and supporting their self-management on the basis of clear property rights, through which should improve the utilization of the forest resources and promote the sustainable development of forest ecology and environment. The reform pratice of forest right system for half a century in our country has proved that the public ownership of forest resources does not affect the forest rights to be treated as a kind of private rights. Only from the perspective of civil law and property law, it is possible to determine the effectiveness of forest rights in law, as well as to provide appropriate regalations and legal remedies for the forest rights. Defining the concept of the forest rights is the starting point and basis research in the meaning of the private right. Through summarizing the mean of "forest rights" in our country’s laws and policies from its appearance to now, it can be found that the focus of the research of forest right and the aims of the legal regulations include that the subject is is only natural persons, artificial persons and other organizations which are outside the state and collectives, the objects of forest rights are the forest resources, including forest, woodland, trees and other forest resources attached to them, and the content of forest rights is the property law, the rights of forest resources including possession, use, benefit and appropriate disposition.Therefore, in concept, the forest right is a special usufruct which aimed at the purpose of using the specific forest resources and based on the ownership of forest resources.In our country’s property system, the forest right has the same legal hierarchy with other usufructs of natural resources, just as mining rights, fishing rights, water rights, because of they have the same or similar object features and regulated functions. But compared with the existing usufructs of natural resources and land (usufructuary of management of land, superficies, servitude, etc.), the forest right must be regulated as an independent type in the chapter of usufruct because of its unique legal characteristics. Meanwhile, the forest right has an unique and systematic structure in its internality because of its object’s compound constitutes, including the right to use forest land, forest tree management rights and forest management rights which are interconnection and mutually independent based on their object relations and constitute the lower concept system of the forest rights. Based on those associations, the forest rights is a independent right concept that its function is to unifying all the specific rights in order to reflect the forest resources as an ecosystem of independent existence, and coordinating its internal conflicts and contradictions within the specific right types. The forest right also has the force adeffects as exclusivity, priority, replevy, claim and other property effects. But by the impact of the object matter and right character, the force adeffects is clearly different with that of the common property rights.To achievement those force adeffects, in our country, both public and private laws provide some legal protection and remedies for the forest rights.But for now it seems that these remedies are still unsystematic and the legislations is not clear, which should be improved.Furthermore, there are many important problems such as the establishment and transfer and elimination of the forest right during the construction of the forest right in the property legal system. On the establishment of forest rights, the different effectiveness of the forest rights registration is determined by the different forest ownership. After the initial allocation of forest resources, the law should regulate the the transfer of forest right and waive the unnecessary restrictions in the existing law in order to encourage more participation and improve the efficiency in the development and utilization of forest resources.Now, there is no clearly regulation for the elimination of the forest rights in our legal systems. But according to the theory of property law, the forest right may eliminate due to the specific legal facts occurred and terminate the the legal relationship of the forest right.These legal systems about forest right should be clear in the property law. At the same time, other separate regulations just as the forest law should also regulate the specific issues related to the forest right. Through the division and coordination of the different legal departments, it is possible to contruct the legal system of the forest right in the usufruct system.更多还原