【作者】 屈勇；

【导师】 翟学伟；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 社会学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 国内外有关互联网络的研究基本上形成了一个共识,即互联网已经演变成了一个“虚拟社会”,并因此而成为人们社会行为和社会生活的新场域,新平台,新方式,新手段,新空间,它是一个公众性和私人化兼具的虚拟空间和新媒介,它不仅是现实社会生活中熟人之间,组织成员之间互动交流的平台,而且也变成了陌生人之间互动交流的舞台,相比较而言,关注在这个舞台上的陌生人之间的互动是更具有学术价值的问题。因为在赛博空间中陌生人之间的人际互动现象表现出了与现实社会的不同。本研究主要探究赛博空间中陌生人之间的互动是一种什么样的互动?原有的基于现实社会生活的解释社会互动的理论是否仍然具有解释力?与现实人际互动相比,它有哪些异同?这些异同从何而来?如何理解赛博空间中人际互动现象的特殊性?对于赛博空间中陌生人之间的互动现象,本研究首先尝试从角色理论的角度去解释,着重从身份地位,社会期望及规范和角色行为等角度分析了网络人际互动现象与现实人际互动现象的区别,展现了角色理论解释赛博空间中的陌生人互动现象的限度。其次,通过实证资料呈现描述了网络人际互动的特殊性。虽然网络人际互动与现实人际互动之间仍然存在某种相似性,但结合实证资料对赛博空间中陌生人互动现象的一般性和具体性的描述,网络人际互动与现实人际互动的差异性同样是明显的,尤其是对于那些彼此陌生的人来说,他们在赛博空间中的互动的确表现出了许多特殊性,主要表现在三个方面：互动双方社会身份地位的解构与重构,社会规范与期望的强制作用弱化,互动者行为的自我取向明显。在前述理论和实证分析的基础上,本研究进一步探讨了角色理论无法完全解释的这种网络陌生人互动现象具有怎样的特殊性?主要从三个方面进行讨论：首先探讨了作为人际互动场域的赛博空间。描述了赛博空间中的人际互动平台和社会逻辑,并着重分析了赛博空间为人际互动提供的三个基础性条件：身体不共同在场,匿名性和符号化,以及它们对人际互动的影响；其次探讨了进入赛博空间中的互动主体的自我呈现。描述了赛博空间中行动者的变化,表现为从关系个体到独立个体,从确定的、具体的个体到模糊的、抽象的个体,从时间的绵延和空间相对固定的个体到时间断裂和空间流动的个体,从身体的个体到符号的个体的变化,进而探讨了行动者在赛博空间中的自我认同、印象整饰以及自我表露的特殊性；再次探讨了赛博空间中的人际互动。首先,描述了人际互动中的信息沟通的形式,主要表现为基于文本的信息传递：其次,从人际互动特征和机制的角度探讨网络人际互动的特殊性,从互动的向度、深度、广度、频度等方面探讨了网络人际互动的特征,从互动主体、规则、目的以及前后台等角度探讨了网络人际互动的机制；最后探讨了人际互动中的人际吸引和人际信任的特殊性。基于上述分析,本研究认为,网络人际互动的本质是一种去角色的互动,并就去角色互动的涵义、前提、原因及与角色互动的区别等问题做了简要探讨。由于赛博空间是一个抽象空间和虚拟空间,在此空间中展开的互动,不象在现实的社会互动那样具有身体的实体性和可感性,而只是一种功能上的实在性和可重复性。在这个空间中,不仅交流和传播的信息被符号化了,而且人也被符号化了。个体进入赛博空间以后,便获得了一种不是原来的自己(即现实社会生活中的自我)的可能,进而个体获得了一种在赛博空间中自由行动的机会,这种行动的自由,表现为个体可以抛弃自己在现实社会生活中的任何属性(如生理、心理、社会等),同时个体可以重组现实社会中的任何属性,还表现为个体可以搁置任何现实的社会文化规范,最后还表现为个体可以不接受任何的来自于现实社会的期望。没有了确定的身份地位,没有强制性的规范,没有来自于外界的期望,个体似乎变成了一个不受制于任何外部因素的真正自由的主体,个体行动的唯一的依据似乎便是遵从自己内心的召唤。当个体拥有了自由掌控自身的身份地位特征和社会行动时,角色对于他们的制约就弱化了,因为,此时的角色规范和角色期待都无法制约角色身份和角色行为。网络的确改变了现实社会中人际互动的许多方面,但有一点我们必须注意,网络虽然会形成其固有的文化,这种文化一经形成也有其相对的独立性,但网络外面的人却拥有另一种不同于网络文化的现实文化,这种文化会对网络文化产生较强的制约性。因此,即便我们看到赛博空间中存在许多不同于现实人际互动的方面,但当人际互动冲破赛博空间的限制而重新回到现实时,一切义重新按照现实的逻辑运行。因此,人们在赛博空间表现出的不同于现实社会中的行为,一旦脱离赛博空间这个特定的场域,这种行为就无法还能象在赛博空间一样。赛博空间仅仅是一个人们暂时摆脱现实社会结构制约的空间,是人们暂时挥洒自由的空间,是人们偶尔回归真我的空间。看似自由平等的网络互动只是表面的,离许多研究者所渴望的是一个“真正的公共领域”,“理想的人际交往场域”还有较远的距离。更多还原

【Abstract】 A lot of research on Internet basically has concluded that Internet has evolved into a "virtual society", and thus became a new field, new platform, a new mode, the new method, the new spaces for humans’social behavior and social life. It is a virtual space and new media with public and personal character, in which not only acquaintance, organization members interact each other, but strangers interact each other. In comparison, attention to interaction between strangers at this stage has more academic value, because it is obvious that interpersonal interaction between strangers in cyberspace is different from that in realistic society.First, this paper attempted to explain the phenomenon of interaction between strangers in cyberspace from the perspective of Role Theory, and emphatically analyzed the difference of interpersonal interaction between in cyberspace and in realistic society from identity, social expectations and norms and role behavior, simultaneously explored the limitation of role theory. Second, the paper investigated the particularity of interpersonal interaction between strangers in cyberspace. Based on data from the questionnaire, there are some similarities between interacton in cyerspace and in real society, but the differences are obvious. Especially, the particularity of interaction between strangers in cyberspace includes deconstruction and reconstruction of social identity, the reduction of the compulsory role of social expectations and norms, obvious self-orientation of individual.Based on the theoretical and positive analysis, we further explored the particularity of interaction between strangers in cyberspace, which cannot fully be explained by Role Theory? Mainly discussed from three aspects:firstly, this paper explored the nature of cyberspace as interpersonal interaction field. The paer described the ways of interaction in cyberspace, and briefly discussed social logic of cyberspace, then analyzed three basic conditions and impacts on interpersonal interaction provided by cyberspace:body-absence, anonymity and symbolization, Secondly,the paper explored the self-reprensentation of individual in cyberspace. The paper described the changes of subjects of interaction, which are from contextual individual to separate individual, from a positive, concrete individual to obscure, abstract individual, from the time of stretching and space relatively fixed individual to time cracked and spatial flowing individual, from bodily individual to symbolic individual, and finally discussed the communicative form in cyberspace,then explored the pariticularity of self-identity,impression management and self-disclosure.Finally,this paper discussed the interpersonal interaction in cyberspace. The paper discussed the characteristics of interpersonal interaction in cyberspace from such multi-dimension of interaction as orientation, depth, breadth and frequency, and the mechanism of interpersonal interaction in cyberspace from subject, rules, purpose and the front and back stage, then, the paper explored the particularity of interpersonal interaction in cyberspace, from the point of interpersonal attraction and interpersonal trust in cyberspace.Based on the above analysis, this paper claimed that the essence of interpersonal interaction in cyberspace is interaction out of role, and further made a brief discussion about the connotation, the premise, the cause of interaction out of role interaction and differences from role interaction. Because unlike in real society, cyberspace is an abstract and virtual space which there is not incarnatement and appreciablity of body, but only a substantiality and repeatability of function. Not only communication and information was symbolized in cyberspace, but subjects were also symbolized. It is possible that individual was not be its real self (namely self in one’s real social life), and then had an opportunity to act with freedom. It was assumed that individuals can abandon any properties of one own (such as physical, psychological and social, etc) in realistic social life, simultaneously can recombine any attributes of real-life, can lay aside any cultural norms in reality, and finally can not accept any social expectations from society. Devoid of definite status, norms, external social expectations, individual seemed to become a truly free subject which is not confined to any external factors, the unique reason of individual action seemed to follow their own inner summon. When individuals had freely controlled their own status and social action, restriction of role to individual is weakening, because norms and expectations of role can not restrain role identity and role behavior.Internet has really changed many aspects of interpersonal interaction in the realistic society, simultaneously we must pay attention, once culture of cyberspace came into being, it had its relative independence, but people out of cyberspace has a kind of realistic culture different from cyberculture, and the culture of real society will have an on-going impact on cyberculture. So, even though we see many different aspects of interpersonal interaction in cyberspace, when interpersonal interaction return from cyberspace into real society, everything again work in terms of the logic of real society. Therefore, once separating from the particular field of cyberspace, human behavior in cyberspace different from that in real society can’t still be with the same. Cyberspace is only a space in which people temporarily break away from the restriction of actually social structure, people temporarily liberate and free, people occasionally return his true self. It is superficial that interpersonal interaction in cyberspace is free and equal, so it is remote that cyberspace became a "real public sphere", "the ideal field of interpersonal interaction" just as many researchers have longed for.更多还原