【作者】 周敏；

【导师】 李德志；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 行政管理， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 自新中国成立以来,性别平等在以法律为主要内容的公共政策上已经确立六十多年,可是性别不平等却广泛存在于现实当中。而理论研究方面,现阶段关于性别平等的公共政策研究也存在一些问题:第一,研究范围还存在一定的局限性。中国对于性别平等的研究,更多是基于宏观的研究;第二,研究的深度有限。从学科角度来看,中国学者对性别平等的研究视角大致从社会学或政策学两方面,把性别平等与公共政策结合起来进行研究相对较少;第三,对性别平等的研究主要是以女性学者为多,而且多以女性学,社会学等学科为主。把性别平等纳入公共管理特别是公共政策中进行的研究少之又少。基于此,本论文以马克思主义的性别平等思想和女性主义性别平等理论为基础,以参政、就业政策中性别不平等为切入点,分析了目前中国参政、就业政策中的性别平等缺失及缺失的成因,目的是完善和建构性别平等的参政、就业政策。全文将分为五章进行论述:第一章是绪论部分,主要是对本论文的研究目的及意义、论文所涉及的主要观点的研究现状及本文的创新之处进行了综合概括。力求阐明本论文的立题目的,相关研究及研究的价值所在。第二章主要对实现参政、就业政策性别平等的理论依据进行学理分析,包括马克思主义者关于性别平等的理论和西方女性主义者对性别平等的分析。其目的是为后来参政、就业政策的性别平等分析奠定理论基础。第三章主要是对中国参政、就业政策在实现性别平等中取得的主要成效及存在问题进行分析。第四章主要是对参政、就业政策的性别平等缺失及成因分析。第五章针对目前中国参政、就业政策中性别平等缺失的问题,借鉴国外对于参政、就业性别平等政策的理论和实践经验,创造性地提出了完善以社会性别主流化的参政、就业政策的对策,这是本论文的核心部分,也是本文的主要创新之处。在这一部分首先提出完善中国性别平等的参政、就业政策的方向:必须坚持社会性别主流化、必须恪守妇女赋权的核心观点。以此作为政策导向,提出了完善性别平等的参政、就业政策的具体对策。这种对策的主要围绕两个核心观点:一是对性别平等的研究要用发展的眼光看待性别,它不但因历史发展阶段而异,而且因民族、国家等因素而异;二是对性别平等的研究放在男女同一视角、同一世界、同一体的关联性和交互性中去研究,也就是从相互影响的共生视野来审视性别平等的问题。既不要把男性作为女性的对立面,也不要把女性作为男性的对立面进行研究,而是要实现两性的实质平等,要把性别不平等的主要根源指向性别文化、性别结构和性别制度等。由此得出,性别平等的问题不仅是女性的问题,也是男性的问题;不仅是人权的问题,而是发展的问题。总之,把实现参政、就业政策中的性别平等作为实现妇女全部平等的核心和基础的观点,是本文的核心思想。也是论文的主要创新所在。本文之所以把参政、就业政策进行专门理论研究,理论层面的原因有三:平等参政、平等就业是国际公认的基本人权;平等参政、平等就业是男女平等的基础;平等参政、平等就业是衡量两性平等发展的重要指标。从实践上讲,虽然在法律上的不平等已经不存在了,但妇女在事实上仍然处于弱势地位。这种弱势地位的形成主要缘于中国核心权力层很少甚至没有女性成员,在国家机关女性人数也远远少于男性,而由于根深蒂固的“男性文化”,少数进入政府机关的女干部也被“男性化”。基于理论和实践两方面的考虑,本文认为实现男女两性平等的核心是充分实现参政、就业领域中的平等。理论上而言,本论文的研究就其本质属于公共政策研究,即公共政策中性别公正和正义的研究。把性别平等同参政和就业政策联系起来进行研究,把参政、就业政策中性别不平等作为主要研究对象,力求完善和构建具有性别平等意识的参政、就业政策体系,这在一定程度上将丰富公共政策以及公共管理论。另外,本研究对于构建和谐社会具有重要意义。性别和谐是和谐社会的题中应有之义,同时也是衡量和谐社会的一项重要标准。和谐社会的本质在于各个利益群体的均衡与协调发展,而公共政策作为政府解决各种公共问题、管理公共事务的基本手段,承担着协调不同利益群体利益及实现社会公平和公正的重任,通过制定各种法律法规和政策来调整各个群体利益分配和再分配,进而推动社会的平等与公正。实践上,本研究立足于社会现实,并结合中国参政、就业的实际,以服务于性别平等和解决实际问题为目的,具有一定的问题意识和责任意识。同时,以性别平等为切入点对中国现有的参政、就业政策的制定和实施进行分析和建议,不仅表达了以女性为主的弱势群体在政治和经济上的利益诉求,也为中国参政、就业政策的完善提供了建议。总之,本研究将有助于进一步促进公共政策和社会性别理论的结合,深化公共政策中的性别平等研究,促成新的边缘学科的形成,促进中国性别平等的实现,并有助于构建和完善以性别平等为主体的政策体系,进而形成以性别正义为特征的和谐社会。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ever since the founding of People’s Republic of China, gender equality has been established on the public policy theory which main content is law for more than six decades, but gender inequality is still a common phenomenon. For theoretical research, there are still some problems existing in the research on gender equality in public policy now. First, the area of research is limited. The study on the gender equality in China is mainly based on the Macro study. Second, the depth of research is limited. From the academic point of the view, Chinese researchers always put their attention on the gender equality in the sociology or the policy, but seldom combine the gender equality with the public policy to research. Third, the scholars who study the gender equality are mostly women, and the study is mainly around the discipline such as the women’s studies and the sociology. The study which can put gender equality into the public administration, especially into public policy is such a rare. For the above reasons, this paper is based on the Maxims thought and the Feminism theory of gender equality, using the gender inequality in political participation and employment policy as the breakthrough point, analyzing the current phenomenon that, in China, the lost of gender equality in the political participation and employment policy and also analyzing the reason of this phenomenon. All these are in order to improve and construct the political participation and employment policy within the gender equality. The whole paper will be divided into five chapters to discuss. The first chapter is the introduction section, it’s mainly to give a comprehensively summarize in the purpose and the meaning of this paper, the present research situation of the main point of view involved in the paper and the innovation of this paper. It also tries to illustrate the purpose of this research, the related research and the value of this study. The second chapter basically to give the theory analysis of the theoretical basis about the realization of the gender equality in political participation and employment policy, including Marxist theory and western feminists analysis of gender equality. The purpose of this chapter is to give the theoretical foundation for the later analysis of the gender equality in the political participation and employment policy. Chapter three is mainly to give the analysis of gender equality about the implementation effect and the existed problems in the Chinese women’s political participation and employment policy. The forth chapter is basically to analyze the phenomenon that the lack of consciousness about gender equality in political participation and employment policy and the reason of this phenomenon. In chapter five, according to the present problem that the lack of gender equality in Chinese women’s political participation and employment policy, referencing of foreign theory and practice experience about the gender equality policy in the political participation and employment, creatively putting forward the countermeasures for women’s political participation and employment policy which is based on perfecting the gender mainstreaming, this is the core part and also the main innovation place of this paper. In this part, it firstly proposes the direction about improving the gender equality in women’s political participation and employment policy in China, that is, we must insist on gender mainstreaming and the core view that female empowerment, using all these as the policy guidance, putting forward the specific countermeasures about increasing gender equality in political participation and employment policy. This countermeasure is mainly around two core ideas. One is that we should use the developing vision to view of gender when we study the gender equality, for gender is not only related to the history stage but also related to the culture of the race and the nation. Another idea is that when we study the gender equality, we should put men and women into the same status, thinking about their relevance and interactivity, that is, looking at issues of gender equality from the mutual influence symbiotic perspective. Never putting men and women into the opposite position, but to realize the essence of the gender equality, putting the major source of gender inequality to gender culture, gender structure and gender system. So we can conclude that the issue of gender equality is not only thewomen’s problem but the problem of men as well, it’s more the problem of development than the problem of human rights. In a word, putting the gender equality in the women’s political participation and employment policy as the core and foundation point to the realization of the gender equality in all aspects, that’s the core thought of this paper, it’s also the main innovate part of this paper. This paper taking a special theory research on the women’s political participation and employment policy has the following three reasons in the theoretical level. First, equal political participation and equal employment is a basic human right which is recognized by the international community. Second, equal political participation and equal employment is the foundation of gender equality. Third, equal political participation and equal employment is the important standard to measure the development of gender equality. In practice, although the inequality in legal has already disappeared, women in fact are still at a weak position. The formation of this weak position is because in the core power department of China there never has a female member, the number of women in the national authorities is far less than the number of men, and as the profound influence of“male culture”, those few women cadres who work in the government authority also by“masculine”. Based on the consideration from theory and practice, this paper proposes the view that the core to realize the gender equality is to fully realize the equality for women in the field of political participation and employment.Theoretically, the research of this paper could be defined as Public Policy Studies, namely the“gender equality and justice.”By looking into the relationship between gender equality and employment policy, and taking gender discrimination as a primary research object, the author aimed at improving the current employment system with the sense of gender equality, which is believed as a great enrichment for Public Policy Studies to a certain extent. Meanwhile the research of this paper also means a lot to the construction of a harmonious society. The so-called“gender harmony”is an important part of the harmonious society. The very nature of a harmonious society is the balanced development of all classes and ranks, while Public Policy Studies act as an essential implement to solve problems in public affairs management. On legislating certain laws and rules to regulate the profit distribution of all classes, Public Policy constantly promote the construction of fairness and justice of one society. Practically, this paper concentrates on the reality of Chinese society and the situation of Chinese female employment, from which the author established problem awareness and looking forward to building a better future of gender equality. Based on analysis of the formation and practice of the employment policy, the author expresses his concern on the interests of women and other vulnerable groups and gave some suggestions on further improvement of the employment policy of China. In a word, this paper tries to contribute to the combination of Public Policy and the Theory of Gender Perspective, deepen the gender equality studies in Public Policy decision-making, boost the born of a new interdisciplinary, set up a policy system of gender equality and fulfill the project of establishing a harmonious society with a core essence of gender equality.更多还原