【作者】 兰玲；

【导师】 郑贵廷；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 政治经济学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 农地两权关系,是指农村土地所有权与经营权的关系。从我国农村发展的历史来看,农村的每一步变革与发展都是以农村土地所有权与经营权关系演变为核心的。本文以马克思政治经济学作为理论基础,对我国农村土地两权关系的演变过程进行了历史研究与现实分析,通过系统的演绎分析与逻辑论证,揭示了我国农村土地两权关系演变的一般运行规律、特征及基本发展趋势。希望在一定程度上能够弥补关于农村土地两权关系理论研究中的不足与缺憾,为我国农村土地两权关系的未来发展提供一些理论指导。我国农村土地所有权与经营权关系经过了以下几个演变过程:奴隶社会时期,土地两权关系由原始社会的共占共用演变为土地王有制下的两权分离;封建社会时期,演变为土地地主所有制下的两权分离;新民主主义革命时期,通过土地改革使我国农地两权关系演变为农民私有制下的两权统一;社会主义革命时期,我国农地两权关系在初级农业生产合作社时,演变为农民私有制下的两权分离,在高级社和人民公社时期,演变为集体所有制下的两权统一;改革开放以来,我国农村普遍实行了家庭联产承包责任制,我国农地两权关系演变为集体所有制下的两权分离。透过农村土地所有权与经营权之间的分分合合的演变过程,可以得到我国农地两权关系演变规律的内容:(1)生产力是我国农地两权关系演变的决定因素,我国农地两权关系的演变是由生产力发展的客观要求决定的。不仅从总体上来看,生产力的发展决定了我国农地两权关系演变,并且主导生产力与其它生产力的关系、个体生产力与总体生产力的关系,都决定着我国农地两权关系的演变。(2)生产关系是我国农地两权关系演变的制约因素,生产关系内部诸要素的相互作用推动着我国农地两权关系演变。生产资料所有制是我国农地两权关系演变的制度性前提,经济体制对于我国农地两权关系演变也产生着非常重要的影响作用。(3)上层建筑是我国农地两权关系演变的重要影响因素。在我国农村土地两权关系演变的过程中,政治的上层建筑和意识形态都对其产生着重要的影响作用。(4)我国农地两权关系的本质是利益关系。利益主体间的利益关系推动着我国农地两权关系的演变,在不同的生产力发展水平和所有制条件下,农村土地的收益权与处分权也随着农地两权关系的演变而发生变化。规律总是现象背后的客观存在,我国农地两权关系演变规律在外在表现形式上也符合一般经济规律的特征:在农地两权分离时,由于土地要素的特殊性、地租形式的复杂性,以及我国农地两权关系演变的复杂性,导致我国农地两权关系演变规律的外在表现更为复杂化;由于我国各阶段农地两权关系的实现形式多种多样、我国农地两权关系的统一与分离的关系相互交织、地租实现形式的多样化,导致我国农地两权关系演变规律的外在表现更为多样化。我国农地两权关系变革只有符合这一规律才会促进农业生产力和整体生产力的发展,而违背这一规律则会对生产力造成破坏,这既可以从中国历史的发展中得到验证,又可以指导我国未来的农地两权关系变革。农地两权关系实质是以技术为基础的人与人之间的关系,我国农地两权关系既反映和影响着主体力量间的利益关系,又反映和影响着社会的阶级关系、城乡关系、工农关系、社会公平与效率等,运用好这一规律,有助于我们协调好这些关系,促进社会经济协调发展。我国农地两权关系变革必须遵循符合生产力发展的客观要求;尊重农民利益,提高农民生产积极性和经营积极性;在社会主义市场经济体制下兼顾公平和效率这三个基本原则。我国农地两权关系的未来发展必然要在稳定农地集体所有权的基础上进行,在相当长的时期内,农地两权分离会一直存在,随着农民对于土地经营理念的增强、农地经营权的流转和发展、集体在规模经营中作用的增强,农村土地会在两权分离的基础上一定程度地回归集体经营,农地两权关系变革的长期趋势,必然会由两权分离逐渐走向两权统一。更多还原

【Abstract】 The relationship between the two rights of rural land is the relationship between the ownership and the management right. If we reflect China’s rural development history systematically, we would find that the every step of the reform and development of rural land of the countryside used the relationship between the ownership rights and management rights as the core. Based on Marx’s political economics as the theoretical foundation, in the paper I tried to analysis the two rights’relationship’s development process to undertake the historical and realistic. Through systemic analysis and logical deduction, I tried to reveal the general operation rules, characteristics and basic development tendency of the two rights evolution. I hope that the shortages of rural land two rights theory could be made up and some theoretical guidance for our country rural land two rights future developments would be provide in the certain degree.The farmland relationship of two rights includes following process: during the slave society, it developed from primitive society’s common occupying and sharing to separation of the two rights under the system of all the king‘property; and during the feudal society period, it evolved into the separation of the two rights under the system of landlords’ownership. During the new democratic revolution period,the land reform makes the relationships of the two rights of our country evolve to unify under the farmers’private ownership. During the period of the socialist revolution, it evolved into separation of the two rights under the farmer private ownership system ;and during the senior clubs and people commune period, it became to unify under the collective ownership ; Since the reform and opening up and after the household contract responsibility system, it evolved into the separation of the two powers under the collective ownership.Through the evolution process of the two rights, we can get the contents of the regular pattern: (1) the evolution of the two rights is decided by the request of the development of productivity. Not only from the overall perspective, the development of productivity decided the evolution of the two rights, and it also dominates the relationship between the productivity and other productivity, and also decided relations between the individual productive force and production. (2) The interaction of the production elements promotes China’s farmland two rights’evolution.Ownership of the means of production is the systemic premise of our two rights’evolution; and the economic system has very important effect on the two rights evolution of our country farmland. (3) The superstructure has important role on the evolution of the relationship between the two rights. And the political superstructure and ideology also have the important influence on it. (4) The core of the two rights of China’s farmland is interests’relations. The principal interests’relations promote the evolution of China’s farmland two rights, and in different development levels of productive forces and under the systems of ownership, the earning rights and the rights to the capital of rural land is also changed with the evolution of the relationship between the two rights.The law is always the objective existence behind the phenomenon, and the two rights evolution of our country farmland also conformed to the general economy rule features in external form : due to the particularity of land factors of production, the complexity of land rent’s expression, and many kinds of factors causes that the external performance of two rights evolution rule our country farmland are more complicated; and because the form of implementation on the relationship of the two rights are complex , and the diversification and unification of between the two rights of our country farmland exist, and the land rental is also multiplicity, that causes the external performance of the rule on the two rights evolution of our country farmland are more diverse.Only when the revolutions of the two rights of the farmland comply with the law, then that would promote the agricultural productivity and the overall development of productivity. But when it was violated, the productivity will be damaged, which can be confirmed from the development of Chinese history, and it also can guide our future development. The two rights of farmland is the relation between person and person based on technique, and it reflects and affects the benefit relations between the main forces, and it also reflects and influences the social class relations, the relationship between urban and rural areas, the relationship between workers and peasants, the social fairness and efficiency. If we could use this rule rightly, it will help us to coordinate these relations, and to promote the development of social economy.The relationships between the two rights must conform to the objective requirements of the development of productive forces. And we should respect farmers’interests, and to raise farmers’productive initiative and the enthusiasm; and to stick to fairness and efficiency under the system of socialist market economy. And the future development of the relation of two rights of our country farmland are bound to the stability of rural land collective ownership basis, and in a fairly long period of time, the separation of the two rights of farmland will always exist. As farmers’ideas for land management enhanced, and the right of land circulation to operate and development is regarded, and the role of collective in the scale of operation is strengthened, the separation of the two rights of rural land would return to collective management. And the long-term trends of the transformation are bound to develop from the separation of the two rights gradually toward the two rights’unification.更多还原