【作者】 耿文娟；

【导师】 廖康；

【作者基本信息】 新疆农业大学 ， 果树学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 本文以濒危果树野生欧洲李为研究对象,对其原生分布地、资源现状进行了调查整理,并在已有的研究基础上对野生欧洲李资源特性进行了研究分析。基于孢粉学、SSR分子标记对野生欧洲李的亲缘关系进行了初步探讨,期望能为探讨其起源和进化路径、保护和开发利用该资源的相关研究提供理论依据。主要研究结果如下：野生欧洲李目前仅在新疆新源、巩留县剩下7处原生分布地,成龄总株数现存不足1000株,个别分布点仅剩残桩,处于严重濒危状态。自然繁殖状况较差,并且存在一定的生殖障碍,资源及生境亟待保护。野生欧洲李为灌木或小乔木,其根、枝、叶、芽、花、果实、种子的特征均符合李属植物的一般形态,同时又具有自身特性。花期物候主要经过一下几个阶段：鳞片期、露萼期、露瓣期、初花期、盛花期、落花期。野生欧洲李花粉量很少,平均每枚花药花粉量为141.25粒。花粉在采集后第一天萌发率最高,为48.8%,随着时间延长,其活力逐渐减低,到第15天萌发率已不足1%。花粉元素主要有C、O、Mg、P、S、K、Ca、Cu、Si、Zn共10种元素。野生欧洲李的主要访花昆虫是蜂类和蝶类。开放期和散粉期的柱头具有较强的可授性。不同的授粉方式下,野生欧洲李均有坐果,其中异花授粉坐果率最高,可达到66.5%。多数子房内有两个胚珠,在发育过程中,其中一个败育。野生欧洲李能够通过实生繁殖、根蘖繁殖、组织培养繁殖、扦插繁殖等方式进行繁殖。从经济、繁殖效果、繁殖周期等角度考虑,根蘖繁殖和扦插繁殖是较优的繁殖方式。野生欧洲李花粉个体赤道面观为长球形,极面观三裂圆形,萌发孔三沟。花粉的外壁纹饰条纹状,有穿孔。花粉粒外壁纹饰表现出相对原始的性状。聚类分析结果表明野生欧洲李、栽培欧洲李、黑刺李、新疆地方欧洲李品种自然地聚在了一起,说明他们之间具有一定的亲缘关系。10对SSR引物对野生欧洲李7个居群33个样共扩增出96条带,多态位点百分率为17.71%。观察等位基因数(Na)、有效等位基因数(Ne)、Nei’s基因多样度(h)、Shannon信息指数都表明居群在DNA分子水平扩增多态位点较少,遗传多样性不丰富。居群基因多样度(Ht)为0.0532±0.0161,居群内部基因多样度(Hs)为0.0324±0.0066,Nei’s遗传分化系数Gst=0.3905,表明野生欧洲李的遗传变异主要存在于居群内,居群内部的遗传分化程度大于居群间。野生欧洲李居群基因流(Nm)为0.7804。遗传相似度平均为0.9750,说明居群间存在一定的遗传变异；遗传距离平均为0.0254,说明居群间的相似程度较高,亲缘关系很近。新源改良场三队路东居群和三队路西居群亲缘关系最近,三队路东居群和巩留伊力格代居群亲缘关系最远。以分层聚类平均距离0.02为阈值,7个居群自然分为2大类,巩留伊力格代居群独立为一类,其余6个采自新源的居群聚为一类。基于SSR分子标记,在遗传相似系数为0.75时,可将所有材料分成3个类群,野生欧洲李与新疆地方欧洲李品种及黑刺李自然的聚在了一起,说明他们具有相同的遗传背景,亲缘关系较近。更多还原

【Abstract】 The endangered fruit trees Wild European Plum was used as research object in this paper. The primary distributing area and present situation for the Wild European Plum resource was investigated and consolidated. The characteristic of the resource was researched and analyzed, base on the existing foundation. The Genetic Relationship of Wild European Plum was discussed on foundation of palynology and SSR molecular markers. It is hoped to provide theoretical basis for discussing the evolutionary path, protecting developing and using this resource. The means results are as follows:There are only seven primary distributing areas for Wild European Plum. The total quantity for mature tree is less than 1000. Some distributing areas only have the stump which was chopped down. It is seriously endangered. The situation of natural propagation for Wild European Plum is worse. There have some obstacles in reproduction. The resource and habitat need seriously protection.The Wild European Plum is shrub or small arbor.Its’ root, branch, leaf, flower, fruit, seed have the fundamental morphology as the plant for Prunus and own characteristics. The stag for florescence phenology are as follows:scale period, sepal baring period, petal baring period, initial blooming period, full blooming period, bloom falling period.The average of the pollen number was 141.25 per anther. The first day after collection,the germination rate of Wild European Plum pollen is 48.8%. There was no germination at the 15th day. Bees and butterflies were main flower-visiting insects of Wild European Plum.15 days after pollination on Wild European Plum, all have fruit set. The highest fruit set rate is 66.5% for the cross-pollination. Many Wild European Plums have two ovaries which has one abortion in the development process. The reproductive modes of Wild European Plums are seed propagation, root sucker propagation, tissue culture propagation, cutting propagation. Considering the economic, effects, reproductive cycle, root sucker propagation and cutting propagation are better reproductive modes for Wild European Plum propagation.Equatorial view of Wild European Plum pollen is long oval. Polar view is trilobation round. Wild European Plum pollen has 3 germ pores. The exine ornamentation is striate with perforation. The character of exine ornamentation is more original. The cluster analysis showed that:Wild European Plum went together with Prunus spinosa L., european plum cultivars and european plum cultivars in XinJiang. It showed that they had closer genetic relationship.The SSR marker on seven Wild European Plum eco-geographical populations results showed that ten pairs of SSR primers have 96 bands and the polymorphic loci (P) ration was 17.71%. Ne, Nei’s and Shannon’s information index showed that the polymorphic loci was less and the genetic diversity of Wild European Plum was poor. The Ht, Hs, Nei’s Gst showed that the genetic variation within population was higher than that between the populations. The Nm for Wild European Plum was 0.7804. The genetic similarity was 0.9750 which showed some genetic variation within the populations. The genetic distance was 0.0254 which indicate that there was closer genetic relationship within the Wild European Plum populations. The genetic relationship between Sandui east and Sandui west is closer. The genetic relationship between Sandui east and Yiligedai is far. When the stratified clustering distance was 0.02, seven populations were divided two groups. Yiligedai population is one group, other population from Xinyuan is another group. When the genetic similarity coefficient was 0.75, the results of SSR maker clustering showed the materials were divided three groups. The Wild European Plum went together with Prunus spinosa L. and Suanmei (cultivars in XinJiang). It showed that they had the same genetic background and closer genetic relationship.更多还原