【作者】 冯静；

【导师】 范进学；

【作者基本信息】 上海交通大学 ， 法理学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 积极主义与消极主义司法哲学呈现相互更迭、此消彼长的态势，在一定程度上，这是为了适应司法审查制度的改变。司法积极主义是一种动态哲学，它包括这样几个核心特点：它以司法审查制度为方法论背景，并且伴随着司法审查由传统到现代的转型而进行自我调整，经历了保守和自由两大典型时期。这种司法哲学的实践主体是美国联邦法院法官，在个案中表现为推翻先例、扩大解释宪法甚至法官造法，其司法目标在于保障公民权利，实现实体上的公平正义。以洛克纳案为代表的司法积极主义时期，法律上主张契约自由、信奉法律形式主义理念；政治上推崇新教伦理下的个人自由主义精神，主张“有限政府”理论；在经济上奉行自由放任主义和社会达尔文主义，反对政府干预经济，进而形成了极端保守和僵化的司法哲学，阻碍了社会经济的发展,在罗斯福新政时期逐步走向衰亡。二十世纪五、六十年代，布朗诉教育委员会案开启了沃伦法院为代表的自由司法积极主义时期。二战为民权运动提供了机会，在法律现实主义和新自由主义思潮的影响下，公民权利意识和平等观念逐步增强。与此同时，大量民权运动爆发和民权法案的颁布造就了司法积极主义哲学的民主特点，即联邦法院积极干预政治问题；为弱势群体争取民主权利；以保障平等正义为价值追求，这使沃伦法院赢得了“人民的法院”美誉。在伦奎斯特法院后期，由于自由主义精神产生的社会问题增多、法院人员的更替、保守派登上政治舞台等多方面原因，司法积极主义逐步走向保守。在司法积极主义占据统治地位的两大典型时期，都伴随着反对者的争议与质疑。但是，其正当性与合理性也是不可否认的。它有效地消解了判例制度保守性；可以克服原意主义固有的理论弊端；并且是新时期下迈向回应型法的需要。在梳理和分析美国司法积极主义的典型阶段和鲜明特点之后，文章采用比较法视角，将目光投向我国“能动司法”理念的提出与特点。进而指出两者在实践主体、实践前提、表现形式、价值追求四个方面均有不同。据此，我国司法理念应当借鉴美国司法哲学并自我完善。通过转换法学研究范式、约束政府行政权力、把握能动司法限度等措施来提升“能动司法”的生命力和持续性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Judicial activism and judicial passivism change into each other and thedecline of one means the growth of the other, which, to some extent, adoptsto the changing of judicial review. Including several features, judicialactivism is a dynamic philosophy, which is based on judicial review,with thetransformation from traditional to modern judicial review. It went throughconservative and liberal periods. The practice subject of this judicialphilosophy is the U.S.federal court judges, who overturned precedents,expanded the explanation of the Constitution, even made law in cases. Thejudicial targets are to protect citizens’rights and to achieve physical justice.During the judicial activism period, and represented by Lochner Case,the judicial philosophy stood for the freedom of contract and believed in theidea of legal formalism in legal field, personal freedom spirit influenced byprotestant ethic and the Limited Government theory in political field, and italso pursued laissez-faire and social Darwinism, opposed to governmentintervention in the economy. Then extreme conservative and rigid judicialphilosophy was formed so that it hindered the development of socialeconomy, and it declined in Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal period. In the1950s and1960s, Brown v. Board of Education Case opened the liberaljudicial activism which represented by the Warren Court.The Second WorldWar provided the opportunity for civil rights movement.Influenced by legalrealism and the new liberalism, the consciousness of civil rights and equalityescalated. At the same time, a lot ofcivil rights movements outbroke and theCivil Rights Acts were enacted which made the democracy characteristics of judicial activism, that is to say, federal courts intervened political problemspositively and claimed rights for social vulnerable groups, ensuring thepersuit of equal justice. These characteristics made Warren Court thereputation of People’s Court. During the later Rehnquist Court, for the reasonof many social problems caused by liberal spirit, judges changed andconservatives came upon the stage, judicial activism gradually movedtowards the conservative.Both typical periods of conservative and liberal are accompanied withcontroversy and were questioned. But it cannot be denied the legitimacy andrationality.It effectively eliminates conservative property in precedent system,overcomes the drawbacks of Originalism and will sever for the purpose ofresponsive law under the new period.After sorted out and analyzed the typical stages and obvious traits ofAmerican judicial activism, the essay took the comparison perspective andgave close attention to the propose and features of Judicial Activism in China.Then,the essay indicated that there were differences in four aspects, whichwere practice subject, practice premise, manifestation and Value Pursue.Based on this, China’s judicial activism should learn from American judicialphilosophy and improve itself. By means of converting law researchparadigm, restraining government’s administrative power and grasping thelimitation of judicial activism to promote vitality and constancy of China’sjudicial activism.更多还原