【作者】 赵凤舞；

【导师】 李晓明； 梁剑平；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 基础兽医学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本论文针对生活废弃物（林区腐殖质、餐厨废弃物、畜禽粪便、农作物秸秆等）常规处理处置弊端突显、农业生产土壤严重退化、生物有机肥在实际生产中用量不足等问题，采用实验室和机械化生产试验相结合的方法，研究了生活废弃物好氧发酵过程中，BG复合菌剂的筛选条件及对生活废弃物的分解作用；用传统方法和16SrDNA分子生物学方法对发酵各阶段的优势微生物进行研究；随发酵天数的变化探索发酵物料中氧含量、温度、湿度、pH值、有机质、C/N比的变化规律；氧含量、温度、湿度、pH值、有机质、C/N比的调节对细菌、真菌、放线菌的影响，进而对有机质降解的影响；对好氧发酵产物生物有机肥进行检测分析的试验研究。主要研究结果如下：1.将采集来的林区腐殖质、餐厨废弃物、畜禽粪便、农作物秸秆等有机废弃物按比例混合后，进行好氧发酵。在发酵过程中不断分离、提纯优势菌群，经培养获得有益微生物中的芽孢杆菌群，定名为BG(Bacillus Genus缩写为BG)复合菌剂。2.整个实验过程以生活废弃物为原料，创造有益微生物适宜的生活环境，吸引、培育自然界广泛分布的细菌、真菌、放线菌等生长与快速繁殖。在细菌、真菌、放线菌生长的过程中，因分解有机物质而释放热量，使发酵物料的温度升高，促进发酵物料中各类有机物质的快速降解。说明有机混和废物好氧发酵实验是自然界微生物降解有机物质过程的强化，BG复合菌是好氧发酵过程中有机物质降解的主要功能微生物，高温期是有机质等物质快速降解的重要阶段。3.生活废弃物经过25天的好氧发酵后，各项指标趋于稳定，有机废弃物腐熟完全，生产出生物有机肥。按照《中华人民共和国农业行业标准（NY884—2004）》，监测各项理化指标的变化，进行营养成分检测与分析，检测结果表明各项指标均符合国家标准，实现了生活废弃物减量化、无害化、资源化的处理目标。4.传统的培养方法对微生物进行平板计数测定好氧发酵期发酵物料中微生物的变化，细菌总数呈现“升高－降低”趋势，真菌总数呈现“升高－降低－升高”趋势，放线菌总数呈现“升高－降低－升高”的趋势；温度变化和有机质的变化对细菌、真菌、放线菌起到了决定性的影响作用，随着温度的升高，对细菌、真菌、放线菌的种类也起到了筛选作用；分离、提纯得到菌种，经过生理生化分析和16SrDNA分子生物学鉴定，对DNA测序的序列进行比对，七个样品的DNA序列均与BG复合菌相似度比较高，说明BG复合菌的嗜热细菌是有机混合废物好氧发酵中有机质降解的主要微生物，也是纤维素、半纤维素和木质素降解优势菌群之一。5.在实验过程中，分别测定了氧浓度、温度、pH值、湿度、有机质含率、C/N比六大项目随好氧发酵天数增加而发生变化的趋势，得出结论：氧浓度、温度、pH值、湿度、有机质含率、C/N比六个项目是影响有机废弃物好氧发酵的重要因素，主要是通过影响细菌、真菌、放线菌生长繁殖的的速度，对其数量、种群及对有机物质的降解产生影响。六大影响因素是相互依赖、相辅相成的，即每项因素都有其适宜的范围，无论是超过适宜范围还是不足，都会影响微生物的生长与繁殖，影响有机废物的降解程度。6.在生活废弃物机械化好氧发酵的试验中，遵循了环境理念，生活废弃物不用分拣，无需除臭装置，添加BG复合菌剂，通过严格监测和及时调节氧浓度、温度、pH值、湿度、有机质含率、C/N比六大影响因素，不仅大大提高了有机废弃物处理处置的效率，而且机械化生产出符合国家指标的优质生物有机肥。更多还原

【Abstract】 The research focuses on the methods of laboratory and mechanized productiontest which were used to study the BG composite bacteria conditions and the organicmatter decomposition during the aerobic fermentation process of organic mixed wastein order to solve the drawbacks of conventional treatment of mixed organic waste(forest humus, household waste, kitchen waste, animal manure, crop straw, etc.), theserious soil degradation of agricultural production and the lack of bio-organicfertilizer. Traditional methods and16SrDNA molecular biology methods were used ineach stage to study the fermentation beneficiation microbiology. The research alsostudied the fermentation oxygen content, temperature, humidity, pH value, organicmatter, and the C/N-ratio variation with the days of fermentation. Moreover, westudied the effect of Oxygen content, temperature, humidity, pH value, organic matter,and the C/N-ratio in the bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes and degradation of organicmatter. The aerobic fermentation product of bio-organic fertilizer were detected andtested, as well. The main results were listed as below:1. Humus of forest areas, household waste, kitchen waste, animal manure, andcrop stalks of organic waste were mixed in proportion to start the aerobicfermentation. Constantly separated and purified for dominant microflora, and obtainedbacillus in beneficial microorganisms by fostering, we called its Bacillus Genus (BG)composite bacteria.2. Organic mixed waste such as raw material in the whole experimental processcreate a suitable living environment for beneficial microorganisms, nurturing innature widely distributed bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes and allowing their growthand reproduction rapidly. During the growth process of bacteria, fungi, andactinomycetes, due to the decomposition of organic matter and heat released, thetemperature of the fermenting material was elevated, and the process promotes therapid degradation of various types of organic matter fermented material. Organicmixed waste aerobic fermentation experiment is the process of strengthening thenature microbial degradation of organic matter, and BG composite bacteria are the main function organism of biological degradation of organic matter in the aerobicfermentation process. Consequently, the high temperature period is an important stageof rapid degradation of organic matter and other substances.3.The changes in the physical and chemical indicators were managed, and after25days of aerobic fermentation, the indicators stabilized, and the organic wastecomposted completely. Nutrients were tested in accordance with the People’sRepublic of China Agricultural Industry Standards (NY884-2004), and they finallyreached the national targets of bio-organic fertilizer and achieved the reduction,harmless, and the resources of the organic mixed waste.4. The study used microbial plate count method in traditional training methods todeterminate changes in the microorganisms during the aerobic fermentation offermented material. The results showed three similar “increases-decrease” trends ofthe total number of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes. Changes of temperature andorganic matter influence the bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes and play a screeningrole during species screening. Isolated purified strains were analysised by usingphysiological and biochemical method and16SrDNA of molecular Biology method.DNA sequence comparison results indicated that six samples of total seven sampleswere Bacillus close, which indicating that the thermophilic BG composite bacteria arethe main microbial degradation of organic matter not only in the aerobic fermentationof organic mixed waste, but also one of the dominant flora in cellulose, hemicellulose,and lignin degradation.5. We measured the oxygen concentration, temperature, pH value, humidity,organic matter containing, and the C/N-ratio changes with the number of aerobicfermentation, and we found that the oxygen concentration, temperature, pH, humidity,organic matter containing rates, C/N-ratio are important factors in aerobicfermentation of organic waste. These factors impacted the number, the species, andthe degradation of organic matter by the speed of growth and reproduction of bacteria,fungi, and actinomycetes. Six factors affected interdependent and complementary, andeach factor has its appropriate scope. Whether it is more than appropriate range or lack of will affect the growth and reproduction of microorganisms, every factoraffects the degree of degradation of organic waste.6. In the mechanization of the organic mixed waste aerobic fermentation test, wefollowed the environmental philosophy, which not adding any special bacteria, livingwaste without sorting and without deodorant device. Through strict monitoring andtimely adjustment of six influencing factors, which are the oxygen concentration,temperature, pH value, humidity, the rate of organic matter containing and theC/N-ratio, not only do we greatly improved the efficiency of the organic wastetreatment and disposal, but also we produced high-quality bio-organic fertilizer in linewith national targets.更多还原