【作者】 李昭楠；

【导师】 李唯；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 作物生态生理， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 甘肃河西地区气候干燥，年降雨量稀少，但光热资源丰富，是我国优质葡萄产区之一。然而，水资源短缺，地下水的过度开采以及农业用水的浪费，导致沙生植被枯萎死亡，沙尘暴肆虐，土壤盐碱化和生态环境恶化，农业与生态用水矛盾突出，严重制约着酿酒葡萄在这一地区的发展规模。因此，寻找一种适合于葡萄的节水灌溉模式对于提高当地经济、生态和社会效益都具有重要的意义。滴灌技术是对作物根区一定范围内进行局部灌溉的一种有效的节水灌溉方法，在戈壁干旱区具有较大的应用潜力。本研究针对目前甘肃河西戈壁葡萄膜下滴灌节水技术研究不够深入，多灌、少灌或不能适时滴灌的现象普遍存在，以及因大面积覆膜费工费时和生产成本提高等问题；导致人们对推广葡萄膜下滴灌节水增效潜力认识不足，尚未普遍实施膜下滴灌。因此，本文在国内外膜下滴灌研究的基础上，于2010～2011年在甘肃河西走廊的嘉峪关紫轩葡萄种植园，围绕葡萄不同滴灌水量的土壤水分动态变化特征，不同滴灌水量对葡萄光合特性和生理生化指标的影响效应，以及对葡萄经济产量、品质、水分利用效率和经济效率的影响等方面进行了系统的试验研究，取得了如下主要结果：（1）对不同滴灌处理条件下沙壤土土层80cm的赤霞珠测定深度0-80cm和沙砾土土层20cm的梅鹿辄测定深度0-40cm的土壤水分动态变化研究表明，两种葡萄膜下滴灌的土壤含水量均高于不覆膜常规滴灌方式（CK）下的土壤含水量。覆膜处理下的T₁和T₂分别比CK节水33%和17%，T₃与CK灌水量相同，但T4比CK多灌水43%；需水规律试验结果表明，在葡萄生育期内，浆果生长期耗水量最大，为需水关键期，浆果成熟期次之，而新梢生长期和花期最少。葡萄赤霞珠和梅鹿辄生育期的最佳灌水量应是160m³/亩（T₁），每次灌溉定额为10～20m³/亩。（2）系统分析了不同滴灌水量对酿酒葡萄2010^-2011年光合特性日变化的影响，结果表明戈壁葡萄光合曲线从上午8:00时至下午16:00时净光合速率基本呈“单坡线”基本规律；通过研究葡萄叶片的水分利用效率日变化可知，赤霞珠在覆膜T₁条件下，叶片日均水分利用效率要比T₂-4分别高0.13、0.19和0.15mmolCO₂·mol-1HO₂，比CK高0.11mmolCO₂·mol-1HO₂；同样条件下，梅鹿辄叶片日均水分利用效率要比T₂-4分别高0.23、0.3和0.23mmolCO₂·mol-1HO₂，也比CK高0.32mmolCO₂·mol^-1HO₂；对2011年7月和8月份葡萄光合特性的测定进一步发现，T₁和CK叶片水分利用效率高于其它覆膜处理，但T₁比CK省水33。因此，T₁灌溉模式达到了节水和提高叶片水分利用率的目的；对不同滴灌处理条件下土壤含水量与葡萄净光合速率及各光合参数的模拟表明，土壤含水量与各光合参数之间具有较高的相关性。（3）对2010^-2011年葡萄赤霞珠和梅鹿辄叶片叶绿素含量在不同滴灌处理条件下的变化分析表明，覆膜T₁和常规滴灌的处理（CK）的叶片叶绿素含量都较低，但覆膜的叶绿素含量高于未覆膜CK；同时也表明，叶绿素含量与土壤含水量呈显著的正相关；另外，对2010^-2011年两种土壤类型葡萄的生理生化特性测定表明，覆膜的生理生化指标值均优于CK，覆膜处理间T₁较T4节水180mm/亩，T₁比CK每亩节省了120mm的灌水量，节水效果显著。总体看，覆膜处理葡萄的生长指标发育快于未覆膜处理条件下。对于戈壁干旱区来说，T₁灌溉模式有利于解决该地区灌溉缺水的问题。（4）田间试验结果表明：2010^-2011年，膜下滴灌灌溉产量高于常规滴灌灌溉，赤霞珠和梅鹿辄产量T₁比CK年平均高了2485.65kg/hm²和2009.78kg/hm²；因此，灌水量为240mm/亩的T₁不仅比CK每亩节省灌水量120mm，而且还实现了产量的提高。膜下滴灌灌溉在以水调质过程中，提高了酿酒葡萄的品质；进一步的相关性分析显示，影响葡萄产量和品质的最重要的因素是水分。（5）通过对不同滴灌处理条件下葡萄灌水量、产量和水分利用效率的模拟可知，灌水量和水分利用效率是影响葡萄产量的两个关键性因素，其中水分利用效率对实现葡萄增产更为重要；同时对不同滴灌处理水分利用效率的分析表明，膜下滴灌处理可以显著提高葡萄水分利用效率，且赤霞珠和梅鹿辄覆膜T₁比CK年平均水分利用效率分别提高了1.51kg.mm^-1.hm^-2和1.16kg.mm^-1.hm^-2，在覆膜处理中以较少的灌水量实现了水分利用效率的提高，达到了节水的目的；覆膜处理的水分经济效率总体高于CK，2010^-2011年覆膜T₁处理下赤霞珠的水分经济效率均值比CK高3.34元.mm^-1hm^-2，同样覆膜T₁处理下梅鹿辄的水分经济效率均值比CK高1.99元.mm^-1hm^-2，T₁以较低的成本投入量，实现了水分经济效率的提高；通过各生产要素投入对葡萄产量影响的分析，水资源和覆膜投入对酿酒葡萄的产量具有显著的正效应。可见，膜下滴灌在戈壁干旱区具有巨大的节水潜力，对在这一地区发展葡萄产业具有十分关键的作用。为此，笔者初步提出了干旱荒漠区膜下滴灌的田间灌溉应用模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Hexi Corridor of Gansu lies in inland arid regions of northwest China, withan extremely dry climate, a very low precipitation and so high an evapotraspiration.However, it has abundant resources of light and heat, also to be one of the highquality grape producing areas of China. It is widely accepted that the issues such aswater shortage, overexploitation of underground water as well as agricultural wateruse severely waste to be faced with in Hexi Corridor of Gansu, which has resulted in aseries of problems like the sandy vegetation’s wither and death, the rampagingsandstorms, soil salinization and the serious contradictions between agricultural wateruse and ecological water use. Undoubtedly, the development scale of grapes isrestricted significantly. In view of this, seeking an efficient water-saving irrigationmode suitable for grapes of Hexi Corridor seems to be so urgent, which has animportant meaning for the local economy, ecology as well as social benefits.The mode of drip irrigation under mulch is considered as an efficientwater-saving irrigation mode that could promote a localized irrigation in crop root,and where always be kept wet, it has a great application potential in Gobi arid areas.However, the research on drip irrigation of grapes in Gobi arid regions of HexiCorridor is not enough in-depth, and a widely existing phenomena of more irrigation,less irrigation and not timely irrigation in this region, also because it takes much timeand labour in large-area film mulching to the drip irrigation of grapes, as well as theincreasing production cost, resulting in a less attention to water-saving and benefitincreasing of drip irrigation in Gobi arid regions. Aiming at the problems, thisresearch, therefore, based on the existed literature, was conducted on grape dripirrigation under mulch in Zixuan grape plantation of Jiayuguan of Hexi Corridor ofGansu in2010and2011, included the dynamic variation characteristics of soilmoisture for grape drip irrigation under mulch, the changes of soil water contentimpact on crop’s ecology, physiology and biochemistry, as well as on grape yield,quality and water use efficiency（WUE）, also on its economic efficiency. The results as follows:（1） The dynamic variation characteristics of soil moisture under different dripirrgation treatments with80cm sand soil layer in depth of0⁸0cm for wine grape“cabernet sauvignon” and with20cm gravel soil layer in depth of0⁴0cm for winegrape “Merlot Noir” show that, the soil water content of “cabernet sauvignon”and“Merlot Noir” is both higher than that of the conventional drip irrigation（CDI） inno mulch treatment（CK）. And the plastic cover treatment of T₁and T₂respectively hasa water saving amount of33%and17%compared with the CDI in no mulch, and thetreatment of T4has an irrigation amount of multiple-output60mm per mu. The resultsfurther show that, in the growth period of grapes, the water consumption from high tolow is respectively the berry growth period, berry maturity period, shoot-growingstage and florescence. We also find out the optimal irrigation amount of “cabernetsauvignon” and “Merlot Noir” is160m³（T₁） in their growth periods, and the irrigationquota is10～20m³/mu.（2） The analysis on the effects of different drip irrigation amounts on the diurnalvariation of photosynthetic characteristic of wine grape, it indicates that the curve ofnet photosynthetic rate of Gobi grape shows the tendency of single slope line from am8:00to pm16:00. The daily mean leaf WUE of “cabernet sauvignon” with thetreatment of film mulch and less irrigation amount（T₁） is0.13mmolCO₂·mol^-1HO₂、0.19mmolCO₂·mol^-1HO₂and0.15mmolCO₂·mol^-1HO₂higher than that of the otherfilm mulch treatments T₂-4, also is0.11mmolCO₂·mol^-1HO₂higher than that of theCDI in no mulch treatment（CK）. Similarily, The daily mean leaf WUE of “MerlotNoir” with the treatment of T₁is0.23mmolCO₂·mol^-1HO₂、0.3mmolCO₂·mol^-1HO₂and0.23mmolCO₂·mol^-1HO₂higher than that of the other film mulch treatments T₂-4,likewise0.32mmolCO₂·mol^-1HO₂higher than that of the CDI in no mulchtreatment（CK）. And the test on photosynthetic characteristics of wine grape in Julyand Augest of2011further demonstrates that the leaf WUE with the treatment of T₁and in no mulch treatment（CK） is also higher than that of the other film mulchtreatments, the treatment of T₁is nevertheless has a water saving amount of33% compared to the CDI in no mulch treatment（CK）, it is no doubt that the treatment ofT₁is efficient to water saving and improve the leaf WUE.We also find out the highcorrelation between the soil water content and each photosynthetic parameter.（3） The changes of leaf chlorophyll content for wine grape “cabernetsauvignon” and “Merlot Noir” show that, each treatment under different drip irrgationin2010and2011, the leaf chlorophyll content with plastic cover treatment is higherthan that of the CDI in no mulch treatment under the same irrigation amount. The leafchlorophyll content with the treatment of T₁and the CDI in no mulch treatment（CK）is both low, the treatment of T₁and CK do not hinder the normal growth of grape, butthe treatment of T₁reach the saving water amount of120mm per mu compared withthe treatment of （CK）. Also, there is the significant positive correlation between thechlorophyll content and soil water content. Moreover, the tests on physiological andbiochemical characteristics for “cabernet sauvignon” and “Merlot Noir” of2010and2011show that, the index values of physiological and biochemical as well as thegrowth index with plastic cover treatment are superior to that of the CDI in no mulchtreatment, and the value under plastic cover treatment with more irrigation amount isalso better than that of the treatment with less irrigation amount, the treatment of T₁could save water180mm per mu compared with the treatment of T4. No doubt that thetreatment of T₁could well deal with the problem of water shortage in Gobi airdregions of northwest China.（4） The results of fields experiment further indicate that, the drip irrigation of T₁with240mm could achieve the water saving amount of120mm per mu, which istherefore considered as an optimal irrigation amount that make the yield and qualityof grape simultaneously improve, and the grape yield under this mode is higher thanthat of CDI in no mulch treatment. The annual yield of “cabernet sauvignon” and“Merlot Noir” in2010and2011with the treatment of T₁enhanced by2485.65kg/hm²and2009.78kg/hm²in comparion of the CDI in no mulch treatment （CK）. At thesame time, the drip irrigation under mulch improves the quality of grape. Further, it isfound that water is considered as one of the important factors that influencs the yield and quality of grape.（5） The simulation results on the correlations of irrigation amount, grape yieldand WUE show that, irrigating amount and WUE are the two key factors to influencegrape yield, the WUE is especially important to grape yield. Likewise, the treatmentof drip irrigation under mulch could significantly improve the WUE of grape, theannual mean WUE of “cabernet sauvignon” and “Merlot Noir” with the film mulchtreatment of T₁is1.51kg.mm^-1.hm^-2and1.16kg.mm^-1.hm^-2higher than that of theCDI in no mulch treatment （CK）. The water economic efficiency of film mulch isoverall higher than that of the CDI in no mulch treatment （CK）, and the annual watereconomic efficiency “cabernet sauvignon” and “Merlot Noir” in2010and2011withthe treatment of T₁seperately increased by3.34yuan.mm^-1hm^-2and1.99yuan.mm^-1hm^-2in comparion of the CDI in no mulch treatment （CK）. The film mulchtreatment of T₁is more helpful to improve water economic efficiency with a lowercost investment. The impacts of productive factors input on grape yield reveal thatwater has a significant effect on grape yield. So, the mode of drip irrigation undermulch has an enormous water-saving potentiality in arid desert regions, and particularkey to develop the plant of grape in this region. A reasonable irrigatied systemsiutable for drip irrigation under mulch of arid desert regions is finally put forward.更多还原