县域森林可持续经营规划研究

【作者】 刘羿；

【导师】 佘光辉；

【作者基本信息】 南京林业大学 ， 森林经理学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 当代社会最新发展观念的可持续发展思想，已成为世界各国社会经济发展的指南与理论研究的热点。森林是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分，对维持地球生物圈的完整性、庇护地球上包括人类在内的各种生物有着重要作用。全球森林的毁坏和减少的严峻事实，对全球生态环境产生着严重影响，直接危及人类21世纪生存环境和未来人类的生存。人们已经认识到森林的可持续发展是世界可持续发展的重要基础。政府及林业部门为实现森林生态系统及森林资源的可持续发展，需要制定适应于不同管理层次和尺度的森林可持续经营规划。森林可持续经营规划或森林经营方案，在我国既是一项传统的森林经理业务，又是当前森林经理的一个新课题。论其为传统的森林经理业务，我国始于20世纪30年代。近年来，我国确定了以生态建设为主的林业发展方向，提出生态需求已成为社会对林业的第一需求。同时，随着林业分类经营、集体林权制度和森林采伐管理等相关改革的深入推进，产权主体日趋多元化，迫切需要从宏观尺度上，对森林经营管理活动进行统筹考虑；在区域水平上，根据国民经济发展规划，协调好保护与利用的关系，满足经济社会发展对森林多种效益的需求。为此，国家林业主管部门对现阶段我国的森林可持续经营规划和森林经营方案作了明确的界定，赋予森林可持续经营规划以新的内容和要求。因此，当前的森林可持续经营规划的编制及其研究，又是一项新的课题。在国际上也很重视森林经营方案。森林经营方案是各国森林管理的主要法律手段，良好的森林经营方案能够保障森林的持续经营，各国法律无不予以高度重视。国际上，如加拿大在上世纪90年代中后期对森林可持续经营规划编制进行了深入的研究和探索。采用了目前林业社会较为推崇的生态系统管理方法，被称为是“一个基于生态系统的森林经营规划”。当时认为对我国林业生态环境建设有所借鉴和启发。本文的目的是在研究国内外现有理论、方法和经验的基础上，探讨适合我国国情的县域森林可持续经营规划的理论与技术。科学编制森林可持续经营规划，为现实森林经营寻求可持续经营的途径、方法和技术。县域森林可持续经营规划，对实施可持续发展林业战略，满足经济社会发展对森林多种效益的需求，构建森林可持续经营区域决策体系，具有非常重要的现实意义。作为研究地的龙泉市是全国森林经营示范县（市）和浙江省森林可持续经营试点项目县（市），开展县域森林可持续经营规划编制的同时，进行编制技术研究，在规划编制的方法、技术路线、规范要求等方面进行先行实践，力求为浙江省乃至南方集体林区开展同类工作提供示范与借鉴。本文以作者参与完成的国家林业局有关森林经营的多项研究课题为平台，以作者作为项目主要研究人员执笔完成的《县级森林可持续经营规划研究》和《浙江省龙泉市森林可持续经营规划》等成果为前期基础，结合作者四年多来参与国家林业可持续发展与森林可持续经营管理工作的体会与经验，对森林可持续经营规划过程中的理论与技术进行了系统探讨，对有关的实践进行了系统的分析、总结和研究。本文的主要工作在于：（1）系统阐明了森林经营及其理论的历史进展。为精准表达森林经营这一术语，根据林学学科或课程脉络，围绕森林经营与林学发展作相关的梳理；按照科学合理性的演进趋势，论述人类对森林及其森林经营的认识，既体现为人类随着科学技术的发展在认识上的深化，同时也符合科学哲学思想的演变。（2）建立了森林可持续经营规划分析框架。围绕森林可持续经营和林业可持续发展这一主线，从哲学层面和森林生态系统层面，引导森林经营的理性思考，借鉴森林可持续经营的研究成果及相关理论，建立森林可持续经营规划分析框架。为论文研究和理论完善提供了基础。（3）丰富了森林资源管理与经营评价的内容。分析论述了研究地的自然地理与社会经济条件，森林经营管理现状和森林资源概况；研究并增加了森林植被生物量与碳储量，森林资源资产价值量和森林生态服务功能的内容；总结了森林经营成效及其存在的问题。（4）探讨了森林经营决策与经营目标。针对森林经营周期长、功能多样、受环境影响大等特点，将森林可持续经营作为森林经营决策的宏观目标。以实现森林可持续经营前提和重大举措的森林分类经营为基础，将生态公益林的建设规模作为决策目标。进行森林经营决策分析的探索性研究。构建森林可持续经营的目标体系。提出相关的对策措施。（5）开展了森林生态功能区划。按四个层次依次展开。第一层次即森林经营区划，从景观和整个区域层面谋划森林经营策略，协调不同的经营功能区；第二层次即森林功能区划，依据森林的某一主导功能或经营目标，以地域、地段为单元进行区划；第三层次即森林分类区划，根据森林的主导功能进行森林用途分类，应优先区划高保护价值森林区；第四个层次即森林经营管理类型组的分类，以加强生态保护和适度服务地方经济为宗旨，以森林分类区划成果和基础，以高保护价值森林判定标准作为补充，选取生态重要性和生态敏感性两个层面的指标群进行分类。（6）组织了森林可持续经营技术体系。理解并接受现实的森林生态系统，认可当前的森林景观格局，即维持森林资源及其经营现状，开展适应性经营或管理。结合森林经营管理经营类型组，以及森林群落类型，提出生态系统经营的3个基本途径，即保护、恢复和维持。（7）设计了森林择伐经营措施。为解决现实森林经营中的问题，树立可持续的森林经营观念，按照生态系统生态学和生态经济学的要求，充分认识和研究针、阔混交林经营特征，设计相应的森林经营措施，使其既能满足生态建设的需要，又能培育和收获木材，使生态效益和经济效益均处于最佳状态。（8）实证了森林经营关键环节与重点领域的规划可行性。围绕森林培育、森林采伐利用、非木质资源经营、森林游憩等项森林经营关键环节，按照森林生态系统经营的要求，提出贯彻和体现森林可持续经营的基本理念和要求。从实现森林可持续经营必须考虑的重点领域，对森林培育、利用等经营环节，提出了保护生物多样性，完善和提高林区基础设施，加强森林经营能力建设，发挥技术支撑体系的作用，建立相应的政策保障体系。（9）评价了项目实施的生态与社会影响。回顾了以往林业项目生态环境管理方面的主要实践与成效，进行了项目在人工造林方面的比较分析，提出了加强生态环境管理的主要措施。分析评价了项目实施对研究地带来的生态、经济和社会影响。对项目实施中潜在的负面影响，提出了减缓措施。评价结论，项目可行。更多还原

【Abstract】 Sustainable development, as the latest development concept at present, has become the world’s guidelines of economic and social development and hot spots of the theoretical study. Forest as the important component of land ecological system plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of the earth’s biosphere and protecting all kinds of creatures including humans on the earth. The severe fact of destruction and reduction in global forest has a serious impact on the ecological environment in the world that go so far as to endanger human’s living environment directly of the21st century and mankind’s survival in the future. People have already realized that the forestry sustainable development is the important foundation of the sustainable development of the world. For the realization of sustainable development in forest ecosystem and the sustainable development in forest resources, the government and the forestry department need to develop various sustainable forest management plans to adapt different management levels and the scales.Sustainable forest management plan is not only a traditional forest management business but also a new topic of forest management at present in China. As a traditional forest management business, it began in the1930s in China. In recent years giving ecological construction priority in the forestry development has been determined and ecological demand has become the basic demand for forestry of society in china. Meanwhile, it’s urgent to consider forest management activities as a whole from the macro scale with the forestry classified management, the collective forest right system and forest fell management and the related improved and property right subject increasingly diverse. In the region level, according to the national economic development planning, it’s necessary to coordinate the relationship between the protection and utilization and to meet the needs of economic and social development in the development of forestry resources. For this reason, the competent departments of national forestry clearly define sustainable forest management and the forest management plan and give sustainable forest management plan a new content and requirement at present in China. Therefore, it is a new subject to research and plan sustainable forest management currently.Forest management plan has been paid great attention internationally. Forest management plan is a major legal measure to manage forest in the world. Because good forest management plan that can ensure the forestry sustainable business, the laws in every country have been paid great attention. Internationally, for example Canada made a further research and explored deeply on sustainable forest management plan in the late1990s. In the method of forestry ecosystem management highly praised in the current social, it’s been known as "a forest management plan based on ecological system". Then it’s considered that it was a good reference and inspiration to ecological environment construction of forestry in China.The purpose of this paper is that explores suitable sustainable forest management theory and technology for China’s national conditions based on existing theory, methods and experiences at home and abroad. Sustainable forest management plan was made scientifically to seek sustainable management approach, method and technology for forest management. Sustainable management plan in the forest in county has very important practical significance to realize the forestry sustainable development strategy, meet the needs of the economic and social development provided by forest and construct the regional decision-making system of sustainable forest management.As the city of study, Longquan is not only the pilot city of sustainable forest management in Zhejiang province but also demonstration city of forest management in China. With making a sustainable forest management plan on the level of county, the discussion of compiling technology and the practice for compiling method, the technical route, standard requirement and others are carried out, which provides the demonstration and reference for developing similar work of collective forest in Zhejiang province and even the south.In this paper, the author involved and completed many subjects on forest management in State Forestry Administration of the People’s Republic of China as a platform. It’s the preliminary basis that "sustainable forest management plan research in county" and "Zhejiang longquan sustainable forest management plan" and relative achievements were finished by the author as the main researcher. With the experience in national forestry sustainable development and sustainable forest management work in the past four years, I discuss the theory and technology in the process of Sustainable forest management and analysis, the summary and research on relevant practice in this paper systematacially. This article mainly lies in:(1) It systematically clarifies historical progress of forest management and the theory. According to the forestry subject or context course, making a research around the forest management and forestry development is necessary to define forest management precisely. In accordance with the scientific reasonable trend of the evolution, discussing human understanding foerest and forest management not only reflects the deepening in recognition with the development of science and technology but also accords with the evolution of science and philosophy.(2) It sets up sustainable forest management plan analysis framework. Along the line of sustainable forest management and sustainable development of forestry, this paper guides rational thinking about forest management from the level of philosophical and forest ecological system and sets up sustainable forest management plan analysis framework by reference to relevant theory the research achievements of sustainable forest management, which provides the basis on research and perfecting the theory.(3) It enriches the content about forest resources management and evaluation. The paper analyzes and describes natural geography and social economic conditions, present situation of forest management and general situation of forest resources in researched area. It studies the forest vegetation biomass and carbon storage, forest resources asset value and forest ecological service function and summarizes the forest management effectiveness and its existing problems.(4) It discusses the forest management decision-making and management goals. According to long cycle, functional diversity and easy influence by environment in forest management, this paper takes sustainable forest management as macro objectives of forest management decision. Based on forest classified management and achieve sustainable forest management, it takes the scale of ecological public welfare forest construction as the decision goal. Do exploratory research about forest management decision analysis, Construct sustainable forest management target system and put forward relevant countermeasures.(5) It divides the forest ecological function districts, which is carried out by four levels in this paper. The first level is forest management division which coordinates different management functional areas and makes forest management strategy on the level of landscape and the whole region. The second level is forest function division in accordance with leading function of the forest or the management goal. The third level is forest classified division according to the dominant function of forest which is prior to divide the forest region with high protection value. The fourth level is the classification of forest management type of the group by two indexes of ecological importance and sensitivity.(6) It organizes sustainable forest management technology system. Understand and accept realistic forest ecological system and recognize the forest landscape pattern that means to maintain forest resources management situation at present and carry out adaptable operation or management. Combined with forest management business types group and the forest community types, three basic ways of the ecosystem management, namely protection, restoration and maintenance, are put forward.(7) It designs the forest selective felling management measures. In order to solve the problems of forest management and set up the view of sustainable forest management it takes corresponding measures on forest management to fully understand and study the needle, broadly mixed forest management features with the ecosystem ecology and ecological economics requirements. It not only meets the needs of the ecological construction but also cultivate and harvest lumber to maximize the ecological and economic benefits.(8) It proves the feasibility of key links and areas planning in forest management. Centering on some key links for example forest cultivation, the forest cut utilization, non-wood resource management, forest recreation in forest management, and so on in forest management it puts forward the implementing and reflection the basic idea and requirements of sustainable forest management in accordance with the requirements of the forest ecosystem management. From the perspective of the key points that must be considered in sustainable forest management, it puts forward the method of biodiversity protection in the process of forest cultivation and management, perfects and improves infrastructure in forest region, reinforces the ability of forest management, at the same time, plays a role of technical support system and sets up a corresponding policy guarantee system.(9) It evaluates the ecological and social influence in the project implementation. This paper reviews the main practice and achievement of ecological environment management in forestry project in the past, and then it puts forward the major measures of ecological environment management by compared reforestation projects. The ecological, economic and social influence of the project implementation on study region is analyzed and evaluated. The paper takes some measures to reduce the potential negative effects as well. Finally it comes to a conclusion that the project is feasible.更多还原