【作者】 马一；

【导师】 马明达；

【作者基本信息】 暨南大学 ， 专门史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本文以晚清驻外公使群体为研究对象，以往对此的研究较为侧重介绍生平传略、陈述外交事件、解析外交思想与孤立探讨他们在政治变革、经济转型、西学传播等领域的作为，缺乏宏观考察与比较分析使臣的群体共性与个体差异。本文通过充分搜求与研读使臣遗留下来的日志、游记、手札、书信、奏稿、电函等原始资料、近年刊行的清季外交档案与前人研究成果，采用群体研究与个案研究相结合的方法，综合审视这一群体地域分布、原有职衔、年龄层次、任职年限、家庭出身等基本情状的构成与演变，以此透视使臣群体的总体特征及在清季外交发展的不同阶段表现出来的差异性。本文重点研究晚清传统开明士绅、新式学堂学生、留洋归国人员等出身各异的使臣知识结构、洋务、外交阅历的差别、演变，阐析由此造成的使臣综合外交素养的高低与对外事工作的影响，以及随着清季外交的纵深发展，使臣群体新陈嬗代，西式教育尤其留洋背景的使臣后来居上，转而成为清廷外交主力，中国外交近代化、外交官职业化行将实现。本文基于以上综合研究，择取典型个案，微观分析地缘、业缘、人缘、机缘与出身、阅历等诸种因素对不同类型使臣外交实践的影响与制约，展现在弱肉强食的变局之下，驻外公使为维护国家权益与挽救民族危亡进行的外交抗争，以及为此饱受的苦痛与无奈，进而全面反思晚清外交失败的原因，解读使臣群体的时代际遇，评价使臣的功过是非，借此深化对近代中国外交的认识。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation takes the group of ministers to foreigncountries in the Late Qing Dynasty as the research object, theprevious studies placed great emphasis on minister’s biography brief,diplomatic affairs and thoughts, particularly attached importance toinvestigating their accomplishment in the fields of politicaltransformation, economic transition and spread of western learningin isolation, lacking of macroscopic investigation and comparativeanalysis of their group characteristics and individual differences. Thepaper intends to see through minister’s global characteristics anddifferences at any of various stages of Late Qing’s diplomacythrough searching for and reading up numerous source material suchas diaries, travels, letters, memorials, telegrams etc. that ministersleft over, diplomatic archives of Late Qing which published in recentyears and precedent research achievements and adopting the methodof combination with group study and case study to research theconstitution and evolution of their regional distribution, original rank,age structure, tenure, family background, etc.This dissertation is concerned primarily with the differencesand evolution of knowledge structure, Westernization and diplomatic experience of ministers stem from enlightened gentry, new-styleSchools’ and overseas students in order to clarify the level ofcomprehensive diplomatic appreciation and the great effect onforeign affairs. With Late Qing’s diplomacy developed in-depth, thegroup of ministers advanced with the times, the outdated ones werewashed out, the ones who had accepted modern education especiallyoverseas education started to become main force of diplomacy, thediplomatic modernization and diplomat professionalism of modernchina will be come true at this time.This dissertation chooses typical cases to analyze the impactand constraint of geography, profession, popularity, reference,learning and experience to different kinds of ministers’ diplomaticpractice on the basis of above research so as to re-create theirdiplomatic struggles to safeguard national interests and to save thenation from peril and the pain and helplessness who endured as aresult of these, then reflecting on the real reason for the failure ofLate Qing’s diplomacy, unscrambling era fortune of the group ofministers and reappraising the merits and demerits of them, so as todeepen the understanding of modern chinese diplomacy.更多还原