政治安全：网络时代的挑战与对策

【作者】 刘普；

【导师】 杨海蛟；

【作者基本信息】 中国社会科学院研究生院 ， 政治学理论， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 政治安全关系一个国家的生存和发展，因而备受世界各国的高度重视。互联网的发展及其在政治领域的应用，对政治和政治安全产生了重要的影响和冲击。当前中国正处于经济社会发展的关键期，面临错综复杂的国内外环境和诸多影响政治安全的因素，维护政治安全的任务更加艰巨。网络的迅猛发展，为民主政治建设提供难得机遇的同时，也对国家政治安全带来严峻挑战。因而，系统研究政治安全的理论问题，全面认识网络与政治安全的关系，并在此基础上提出改进网络政治安全治理的对策建议，有效应对网络对中国政治安全的挑战，是当代中国政治建设过程中一个不容回避的迫切问题。运用政治学的理论与方法，探讨政治安全的涵义、特点、本质、保障、影响因素等问题，论述政治安全的具体内容、网络与政治安全的关系，从学理上分析网络发展和应用对政治安全的影响，揭示网络政治安全的本质和规律，从战略上进行相应的理论创新和建构，提出网络时代从根本上解决政治安全的思路和举措，目的在于拓展政治学研究的视野，促进有关理论的进一步丰富和发展。立足于网络时代中国政治安全面临的现实问题，以维护中国的政治安全为目标，通过分析中国网络政治安全治理的得失，旨在为执政党和政府部门正确应对网络对政治安全的挑战，推动中国社会主义民主政治建设和政治发展，提供一些新的思路和对策。政治安全是一个国家或政权拥有消除危害自身安全的能力，处在安全不受威胁的状态，并且能够感受到安全的存在。政治安全包括国家主权和领土安全、政权安全、政治制度安全、意识形态安全和政治稳定等内容，具有阶级性、历史性、动态性、相关性等属性。政治安全是政治发展与政治稳定的内在统一，是上层建筑对经济基础的主动适应能力。保障和支撑政治安全主要有强制力、利益、道义三个因素。对于当代中国而言，影响国家政治安全的主要是间接因素、内部因素、非传统安全因素和非对抗性矛盾。网络作为基于现代信息技术的传播工具，与传统媒体相比，具有全球性、开放性、即时性、虚拟性、交互性等特点。网络的政治功能突出表现为政治赋权、政治动员、政治参与、政治监督、政治斗争功能。网络对政治安全的冲击，主要体现在削弱国家主权安全、危害国家政权安全、威胁意识形态安全、破坏国家政治稳定、影响国家信息安全等。网络对中国政治安全产生了重要影响。首先，网络有利于维护和实现政治安全。网络推动了中国政治发展，激发中国公民政治参与的兴趣和热情，弥补体制内参与渠道的不足，推进中国政治社会化进程；网络促进了中国政治稳定，开辟弱势群体利益表达的平台和场所，提供宣泄政治压力的渠道，拓展政治监督的途径；网络改善了中国政治治理，拓宽执政党和政府了解社情民意的渠道，为转变执政方式、建设服务型政府创造条件。当然，网络对中国政治安全也存在挑战。国际层面，西方敌对势力利用网络对中国进行意识形态的渗透和颠覆，境外情报机构和黑客利用网络进行窃密和破坏活动，境内外民族分裂势力和邪教组织等利用网络策划分裂阴谋；国内层面，网络传播、网络舆论、网络谣言、网络政治参与、网络结社、信息鸿沟等对政治安全形成一定的冲击。维护网络时代中国的政治安全，应当深入认识网络政治问题，重视网络对政治安全的影响，摆脱“网络恐惧”；坚持趋利与避害相结合、疏与堵相结合、学习国外与立足国内结合、网上工作与网下工作相结合原则。认真做好网上和与网络有关的工作，提高网络政治安全治理水平。思想舆论层面，树立“网络边疆”意识，构建与信息时代相适应的新型政治安全观，加快制定中国互联网战略步伐；提高网络舆论的管理和引导水平以及领导干部网络媒介素养，增强网上舆论引导能力；加强网络道德教育和网络伦理建设，制定网络伦理规范，推进网络文化建设，发挥网络媒体的自律作用。制度管理层面，完善网络政治安全管理法律法规，充分运用立法技术，及时进行相关法律法规的立、改、废工作；加快网络信息化建设，在信息技术上缩小与发达国家的差距，提高利用技术手段维护国家政治安全的能力，加快培养复合型高素质网络人才；开展网络政治安全国际合作，参与制定“国际互联网公约”，推动国际信息新秩序的建立，建立国际信息领域反恐机制。网络政治层面，发展有序网络政治参与，利用互联网推动民主选举、民主决策、民主管理、民主监督机制的健全和完善；加强电子政务建设，优化运行机制和管理模式，建立健全电子政务绩效评估制度。除此而外，更重要的是要消除产生危害政治安全问题的内在根源，加快转变经济发展方式，改革政府绩效考评方式；确保公平正义，加大反对腐败力度；扩大公民有序政治参与，促进社会主义公民社会建设。更多还原

【Abstract】 Political safety is a problem related closely to the survival and development of acountry, therefore it attracts much attention of any country. The development ofInternet and its application in the political field, have an important effect on politicsand political safety of a country. Today China, who is in a transition period, faces acomplicated national and international environment. Since there are many factors thataffect the political safety of China, it is a very difficult task to defend political safety.The rapid development of Internet in China has brought good chances for theconstruction of socialist democracy; meanwhile it has presented severe challenge fornational political safety. Therefore, it has become a serious problem that cannot beevaded during the construction of socialist democracy of China to analyze thoroughlythe theory of political safety, to identify the political functions of the Internet and itsrelationship with political safety, to further provide suggestions on improving thegovernance of Internet political safety of China so as to respond to the challenge toChinese political safety laid forth by Internet effectively.Applying the theory and approaches of politics, this thesis discusses thedefinition, characteristics, nature, guarantee and influencing factors of political safetyand the detailed contents of political safety, and explores the relationship betweennetwork and political safety. Furthermore, so as to expand the field of political studyand stimulate the richness and development of relative theory, theoretically,the textprobes into the effects of the development and application of networks on politicalsafety, and discloses the nature and law of network political safety；strategically, thetext emphasizes the construction and innovation of theory, and offers the suggestionson solving the political problem.Based on the reality of Chinese political safety, for the purpose of maintainingthe political safety of China, our thesis analyzes the gain and loss in the governing ofpolitical safety at home and the lessons on dealing with network political problemsabroad. By doing so, we hope that we can offer our governments some new thoughtsand countermeasures on network political safety to drive the construction of Chinese socialist democracy and the development of politics.Political safety is defined as the condition or state of being safe for a country orregime, meaning it has the ability to eliminate the harm to its safety, is in a sate free ofthreat, and feels safely. Political safety includes sovereign and territory safety, regimesafety, political system safety, ideology safety and political stability safety. Politicalsafety has the following nature: class, historic, dynamic, relative and complex. Fromthe viewpoint of modern politics, political safety is the integration of politicaldevelopment and political stability. The three factors that safeguard and affectpolitical safety can be categorized as compelling force, interest and morality.Nowadays, factors that affect China political safety are mainly indirect factors,internal factors, non-conventional factors and non-antagonistic contradictions.As a modern information-communication vehicle, a network is characterized asglobality, openness, instantaneity, vitality and interaction. The major politicalfunctions of networks are highlighted in political empowerment, political mobilization,political participation and political struggles. The impact of Internet on political safetyis expressed in weakening the sovereignty of a country, endangering the safety ofregime, threatening the safety of ideology, harming the stability of national politics,hurting the safety of information and challenging the military safety of a country, andso on.A network is a good way to improve the willingness and initiative of the people’spolitical participation; to cover the shortage of the political participation system; towiden the channels for our government to understand the public opinion; to provide achannel for the social vulnerable groups to express their interests; to offer a place forpeople to drain off political stress; to construct a new way of political monitoring; andto advance the construction of socialized politics of China, perfect the party’s rulingways,build a service-oriented government and protect and realize political safety。Ofcourse, network is also a challenge to China political safety. Western hostile forcesmake use of Internet to infiltrate the western ideology into China and enforcesubversive activities；overseas intelligence agencies and hackers take the advantage ofInternet to engage in stealing confidential files and destructive activities；Hostileforces at home and abroad and the cults undertake infiltrate, subversive and splittist activities on the net. What’s more, such factors as network communication, networkopinion, network scandals, over-participation and irrational participation, informationgap and network association do have some effects on political safety.It is necessary for us to see the network political safety problem, to pay moreattention to the effect of network on political safety, so that we can defend thepolitical stability of China and get rid of network fear. A good way to safeguard thepolitical safety is to insist on the following principles:（1）seeking advantage andavoiding disadvantage principle;(2) Combination of guiding and blocking principle;(3) combination of on-line and off-line principle. Ways to deal with on-line andoff-line political safety problems include: to enhance the network security awareness,to build up network frontier awareness, to construct new political security conceptwhich fits well with the Internet era, to establish the Internet strategies of China; toimprove the management and guide of network opinion, to better the media literacy ofour leaders, to strengthen the steering ability of network opinion; to reinforce thenetwork moral education and ethics, to set up network ethics norms and standards, tointensify network culture, and to make network media’s self-regulation play a majorrole. There are following tasks to be fulfilled: to perfect the laws and regulationsgoverning the network political safety, to make full use of the legislative techniques,and start timely the setting,amending and repealing of the laws; to quicken theconstruction of network information in order to narrow the information technologygap between China and the developed countries, and at the same time to developrelated network technology, to improve the ability to maintain political safety, toaccelerate the training of quality talents; to carry out international cooperation ofnetwork political safety, to participate in the drafting of international convention onthe Internet, to push forward the building of new international information order, toinstall the anti-terrorism system of international information. Some other effectivesteps we can take is to develop orderly network political participation, to propel theperfecting of the system of democratic election, and democratic decision–making,democratic management, democratic monitoring via Internet; to apply to thedevelopment of network democracy, to push forward the reform and innovation ofruling ways, to learn about the people and cluster their wisdom through Internet, to accelerate the transformation of government functions, to accept the networkmonitoring conscientiously, to look at the network public opinion in the right way,and to realize scientific decision by network. Furthermore, it is more important tosolve practical problems and eliminate the roots of the harming to political safety.Therefore, it is necessary to:(1) accelerate transformation of the mode of economicdevelopment, to establish correct achievement view in leading cadres;(2) to ensurefairness and justice, to increase anticorruption effort;(3) to expand the orderlypolitical participation of the civil, and to promote the construction of socialist citizensociety.更多还原