【作者】 邱黛玉；

【导师】 蔺海明；

【作者基本信息】 甘肃农业大学 ， 药用植物资源与利用， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 本研究通过冬季温室育苗和种子直播技术来缩短当归生长周期,避免当归抽薹;通过改变贮苗条件影响春化过程;利用对植物生长过程有调控能力的生长促进剂、生长抑制剂（或延缓剂）对当归生长进程进行调控,进而研究栽培措施和植物生长调节物质对当归抽薹的影响规律和机理。主要研究结果如下:1.不同浓度MH、PP333和CCC均对当归叶片数和株高的增加产生不同程度的抑制作用。PP333100mg/L和CCC500mg/L对侧根的萌发和生长具有抑制作用。MH浓度越高,对根的膨大生长抑制作用越大,CCC500mg/L抑制当归根部膨大生长。MH导致当归叶片叶绿素含量降低,且降低幅度随浓度增大而增大。PP333和CCC喷施浓度越大,叶绿素含量增加幅度越大。MH和PP333处理使当归叶片可溶性糖含量降低,CCC则浓度越大越有利于促进可溶性糖积累。MH、PP333和CCC喷施均使可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量增加,且浓度越高,影响越大。抑制剂对抽薹的影响在喷施后两个月表现出来,MH、PP3331000mg/L、CCC500mg/L和CCC1000mg/L处理抽薹率显著或极显著低于对照和其他处理,三种抑制剂之间对抽薹的影响差异不显著,浓度对抽薹的影响差异显著,高浓度（1000mg/L）对降低抽薹率有利,抑制剂类型和浓度之间交互作用不显著。高浓度PP333和CCC可显著增加单根重量,降低抽薹率,增加当归产量。2. NAA100mg/L和GA₃100mg/L+NAA100mg/L有利于当归叶片增多,GA₃ 30mg/L处理则抑制叶片增加,促进植株衰老。NAA单施或与CTK和GA₃配合喷施均促进株高增高。NAA100mg/L和CTK100mg/L+NAA100mg/L促进根的伸长生长,ABA20mg/L、GA₃30mg/L、GA₃50mg/L+NAA100mg/L和GA₃100mg/L+NAA 100mg/L都对根的伸长具有抑制作用。CTK100mg/L+NAA100mg/L促进侧根萌发和生长,ABA和GA₃不论单施或是配施,均抑制侧根生长。NAA有利于根膨大生长,ABA和GA₃单施或配施均抑制根的膨大生长。GA₃对当归抽薹具有促进效应,GA₃浓度越大,比例越高,其促抽薹效应越明显。NAA100mg/L和CTK50mg/L+NAA100mg/L对抽薹有微弱抑制作用。NAA单施或与CTK配施均可大幅提高当归产量,CTK100mg/L +NAA100mg/L增产效果最好。GA₃30mg/L单施减产幅度最大,GA₃与NAA配施比例越大,产量降低幅度越大。NAA单施或与GA₃配施可明显提高叶片叶绿素含量,而NAA与CTK配施或ABA与GA₃配施均抑制叶绿素合成。GA₃浓度越高,比例越大,可溶性糖含量就越高。低浓度ABA、NAA单施和NAA与CTK配施都可促进可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量增高,而GA₃不管浓度高低,配施单施都抑制游离氨基酸合成或积累。CAT活性在ABA20mg/L、CTK50mg/L +NAA100mg/L和NAA100mg/L处理后均较对照增高,高浓度GA₃则使其降低。POD活性在喷施ABA20mg/L和CTK50mg/L+NAA100mg/L后较对照降低,而喷施GA₃50mg/L+NAA100mg/L和GA₃100mg/L+NAA100mg/L后较对照增大,说明高浓度GA₃单施或配施均可使POD活性增大。多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性在GA₃50mg/L+NAA100mg/L、GA₃100mg/L+NAA100mg/L、ABA40mg/L+GA₃40mg/L和ABA40mg/L+GA₃40mg/L处理之后较对照升高,ABA20mg/L和NAA100mg/L可显著降低。3.采用冬季温室育苗-带基质绿体移栽技术可有效抑制当归抽薹,移栽后田间抽薹率为0。育苗环境日均温14℃～18℃,日平均空气相对湿度40%～60%,≥5℃的有效积温为237.1℃～391.8℃对当归苗期生长发育最有利。但在此环境下育苗,经炼苗移栽后田间长势在后期有所减缓。日均温度8℃～15℃,≥5℃的有效积温105.2℃～240.3℃条件育苗,当归苗期生长处于劣势,但移栽后生长后期其地上地下物质积累迅速。育苗容器口径越大,出苗越慢,出苗率越低。4cm纸筒处理最有利于当归茎叶和根部物质积累,有利于提高当归根冠比。田园土与蛭石1:1混合基质最有利于温室当归出苗,田园土反之。育苗容器及育苗容器与基质之间互作效应不显著。育苗容器对当归幼苗子叶退化速度影响明显,纸筒育苗子叶退化速率较快,而基质对子叶退化速度无明显影响。苗前期侧根数纸筒优于塑料营养钵,苗后期及移栽后塑料营养钵优于纸筒。蛭石最有利于当归侧根萌发生长,田园土不利于当归侧根生长,塑料营养钵装蛭石基质最有利于当归侧根生长。苗期纸筒小空间造成种苗植株徒长,而塑料营养钵的大空间利于形成壮苗。相同基质条件下,塑料营养钵育苗根部物质积累量大于纸筒育苗;相同育苗容器下,蛭石育苗根部物质积累量最高,田园土处理当归根部物质积累量最低,因此塑料营养钵为容器,蛭石为基质最有利于当归根部物质积累。4.当贮苗温度高于7℃,过早萌发并不利于当归移栽后的生长。10℃贮苗和岷县传统贮苗抽薹率较高,抽薹率并未表现出与温度有显著的直线相关性。0℃～7℃的温度条件下贮藏当归苗,抽薹率相对较低。贮苗温度条件对移栽后当归根长无明显影响,根直径和侧根数均为岷县传统贮苗为高,而10℃贮苗则处于劣势。贮苗温度虽对单根产量的影响并未达到显著水平,但由于抽薹率的差异,0℃和7℃贮苗移栽后产量较传统贮苗增加。当归种苗贮藏以0℃～7℃为宜。5.采用种子直播技术进行当归栽培,可缩短当归栽培周期,避免抽薹发生,且早薹种子和蜡熟种子可用于直播。种子类型和密度对直播当归主根长和根粗的影响不显著,正常头穗种子以株、行距20cm×20cm直播其主根长、根粗略优于其他处理,正常头穗种子株距10cm、行距20cm播种时直播当归产量最高。与传统山荒地育苗移栽相比,直播当归根形好,侧根较少。不同类型种子直播后当归灰分和醇溶性浸出物含量均达到《中国药典》的质量标准。更多还原

【Abstract】 Raising seedlings in greenhouse in winter and direct seeding technology were used in Angelica sinensis cultivation to shorten Angeilca sinensis growing period, so to avoid bolting. Seedlings were stored up at different conditions to affect iarovization process. The growth promoter, growth inhibitor or growth retardants were used to regulate Angelica sinensis growth process, and then to study the effect law and mechanism of cultural practices and plant growth regulator on Angelica sinensis bolting. The results were as followings:1. MH, PP333 and CCC in different concentration restrain leaves and plant height increase at different degree. PP333100mg/L and CCC500mg/L restrained germination and growth of lateral root. The higher the concentration of MH, the greater the growth inhibition effect on root enlargement growth. CCC500mg/L inhibited root enlargement growth. MH decreased chlorophyll content of Angelica sinensis leaves, and the decrease extent was increased with the increase of concentration. The higher the PP333 and CCC concentration, the higher the chlorophyll content. MH and PP333 led to decrease of soluble sugar content. And high concentration CCC promoted accumulation of soluble sugar in leaves. MH, PP333 and CCC all increased soluble proteins and free amino acid content, and the higher the concentration, the greater the effect. The effect of growth inhibitor on bolting expressed two month after spraying. Bolting rate in treatments of MH, PP3331000mg/L, CCC500mg/L and CCC1000mg/L were all higher than control and the others dramatically or very dramatically. The difference of effect on bolting rate among three growth inhibitor was not significant, and the growth inhibitor concentration had significant effect on bolting rate. High concentration such as 1000mg/L was beneficial to decrease bolting rate. Interaction between growth inhibitor and concentration on bolting was not significant. High concentration PP333 and CCC increased root weight and decreased bolting rate, and then increased yield of Angelica sinensis.2. NAA100mg/L and GA₃100mg/L+NAA100mg/L were beneficial to increase Angelica sinensis leaves, but GA₃30mg/L restrained leaves increase and accelerated plant senescence. NAA sprayed singly, or combined with CTK, or combined with GA₃ all accelerated plant height. NAA100mg/L and CTK100mg/L+NAA100mg/L accelerated elongation growth of root. ABA20mg/L, GA₃30mg/L, GA₃50mg/L+NAA100mg/L and GA₃100mg/L+NAA100mg/L all held up elongation growth of root. CTK100mg/L+ NAA100mg/L motivated germination and growth of lateral root. On the contrary, whether sprayed singly or matched with the other exogenous hormones, ABA and GA₃ all restrained growth of lateral root. NAA was beneficial to root enlargement growth. ABA and GA₃ sprayed singly or cooperated with the others were all restrained root enlargement growth. GA₃ had accelerated influence on bolting, and the higher the GA₃ concentration and proportion, the more obvious influence on bolting acceleration. NAA100mg/L and CTK50mg/L+NAA100mg/L had slight restrain influence on bolting. NAA sprayed singly or it matched with CTK all promoted Angelica sinensis yield remarkably, and the influence of CTK100mg/L+NAA100mg/L on yield promotion was the best. GA₃30mg/L had the maximal extent of yield reducing. The greater the GA₃ and NAA proportion, the greater the yield reducing extent. NAA sprayed singly or it matched with GA₃ increased chlorophyll content in leaves, however, NAA cooperated with CTK and ABA cooperated with GA₃ all restrained composition of chlorophyll. GA₃ led soluble sugar content to rise, and the higher the concentration and proportion were, the higher the soluble sugar content. ABA in low concentration, or NAA sprayed singly, or NAA matched with CTK all motivated soluble proteins and free amino acid content. Whether in high or low concentration, and whether sprayed singly or matched with the other exogenous hormones, GA₃ restrained composition and accumulation of free amino acid. CAT activity was motivated by ABA20mg/L, CTK50mg/L+NAA100mg/L and NAA 100mg/L, but GA₃ in high concentration decreased CAT activity. POD activity decreased after spraying of ABA20mg/L and CTK50mg/L+NAA100mg/L, on the contrary, GA₃50mg/L+NAA100mg/L and GA₃100mg/L+NAA100mg/L decreased POD activity after spraying. It made out that GA₃ in high concentration sprayed singly or matched with the other exogenous hormones all could promote POD activity. PPO activity was higher than control after spraying of GA₃50mg/L+NAA100mg/L, GA₃100mg/L+NAA 100mg/L, ABA40mg/L+GA₃40mg/L and ABA40mg/L+GA₃40mg/L. ABA20mg/L and NAA100mg/L decreased PPO activity on the contrary.3. Cultivation techniques of raising seedlings in greenhouse in winter and transplanting green plant with substrate could restrain Angelica sinensis bolting effectively, and the bolting rate in field was o after it was transplanted. When the average day temperature was 14℃～18℃, average day relative air humidity was 40%～60%, effective accumulated temperature≥5℃was 237.1℃～391.8℃, were beneficial to Angelica sinensis seedlings growth. However, later growth vigour of the seedlings raised in that conditions slowed down after it was transplanted in field. If raising seedlings in condition where average day temperature was 8℃～15℃and effective accumulated temperature≥5℃was 105.2℃～240.3℃, the seedlings growth was at a disadvantage, but the material accumulated quickly in later growth period after it’s transplanted in field. The bigger the container caliber was, the slower the emergence speed was, and the lower the emergence rate was. 4cm paper barrel was beneficial to material accumulation of leaves and root, and was beneficial to increase of RSR. Gardenmould and vermiculite mixed in 1:1 was the most beneficial to Angelica sinensis seedlings emergence, gardenmould was on the contrary. Between the different containers, the difference was not significant, and interaction between container and substrate was not significant, neither. Container for seedling rising had significant effect on cotyledon degradation speed. cotyledon degradation speed of seedlings raised in paper containers was quick, and substrate had no effect on cotyledon degradation speed. Lateral root of Angelica sinensis seedlings in paper containers were superior to those raised in plastic containers at early seedling stage, and on the contrary at later seedling period. Vermiculite was beneficial to germination and growth of lateral root, otherwise, Gardenmould was not beneficial to lateral root. So, plastic container with vermiculite was the best for germination and growth of lateral root. Small space of paper containers caused excessive growth of seedlings. Otherwise, the big space of plastic containers was beneficial to get strong seedlings. In same substrate conditions, plastic container was superior to paper containers in material accumulation, and in same containers conditions, material accumulation was the highest, and its’the lowest in treatment of gardenmould. So plastic containers and vermiculite used in seedlings raise was the best conditions for material accumulation of Angelica sinensis root.4. When Angelica sinensis seedlings saved in temperature that was higher than 7℃, was inbeneficial to growth after transplant because of too early germination. Bolting rate was higher than the other conditions when seedlings were stored in 10℃or stored in Min county as traditional. Bolting rate did not show a marked linear correlation with the temperature. Seedlings stored in 0℃～7℃, bolting rate was relatively lower than the other temperature. Seedlings storage temperature had no significant effect on length of Angelica sinensis root. Root diameter and lateral root were all the highest in treatment of stored seedlings in Min County as traditional, and 10℃treatment was in inferior. Though seedling storage temperature didn’t affect single root yield at significant level, the difference of bolting rate led to yield raising in treatments 0℃and 7℃than storaged in Ming County as traditional. Therefore, Angelica sinensis seedlings was fit to stored in 0℃～7℃.5. Direct seeding technology was used to shorten growing period, so to avoid bolting. Seed from bolting plant and seed waxen maturity could be used in direct seeding. Seed type and density of sowing had a little influence on Angelica sinensis main root length and root diameter. Maim root length and root diameter was better than the other treatments when the seed from first ear of Angelica sinensis was sowed at 20cm×20cm planting distance×row space. The yield was the highest when the seed which was from normal first ear was sowed at planting distance 10cm and row space 20cm. Compared with traditional seedling raising at mountain waste, root shape was good and lateral root was less with direct seeding technology. Ash content and ethanol-soluble extractives content were all up to quality standard of Chinese Pharmacopoeia when the different seed sowed in direct seeding technology.更多还原