【作者】 董冬；

【导师】 周志翔；

【作者基本信息】 华中农业大学 ， 园林植物与观赏园艺， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 随着经济和旅游业的高速发展,风景名胜区的旅游人数日益增加。人数的增加、旅游景点的过度开发和不合理建设,致使风景区古树名木受到了前所未有的生存压力。同时,由于人为砍伐、移植、破坏和管护措施不完善,导致古树名木病死、干枯,各地古树名木数量大减,古树名木资源损失严重。本研究在安徽省九华山森林景观资源及古树名木资源调查的基础上,对古树名木单体植物景观以及古树群体景观价值进行了评价,并进一步的研究古树名木保护的经济价值和公众对古树名木保护的认知和态度。旨在全面认识古树名木景观价值和保护的经济价值,为提高政府部门和公众对古树名木的保护意识,协调古树名木景观资源利用与保护之间的关系提供参考依据。主要研究内容及结果如下：(1)从古树名木单体景观的美学价值、生态价值和资源价值构建评判指标体系,运用层次分析法(AHP)和模糊综合评价(FSE)对景区内古树名木的单体景观价值进行了评价。结果表明：对古树名木单体景观价值影响较大的因素依次为姿态、传说趣闻、色彩、季相变化等。九华山风景区现有449株古树名木中,属于极高等级的古树名木有14株,占总数的3.12%；属于高等级的古树名木有84株,占总数的18.71%；而属于一般、差和很差等级的古树名木分别占总数的48.33%、27.39%和2.45%。古树名木景观价值高的树种为银杏(Ginkgo biloba)、黄山松(Pinus taiwanensis)、桂花(Osmamthus fragrans)、浙江柿(Diospyros glaucfolia)、黑壳楠(Lindera megaphylla)、三角枫(Acer buergerianum)、香果树(Emmenopterys henryi)和红果山胡椒(Lindera erythrocarpa),而景点则有太白书堂、通慧寺和甘露寺。(2)通过古树名木单体景观建立的指标评判体系,运用粗糙集理论对景观价值为“极高”的古树名木(AHP和FSE)进行评价,从而对AHP和FSE评价方法得出的结果进行验证。结果表明：两种评价方法得到的指标权重排序几乎吻合,除生长势和保护等级的位次发生颠倒。景观价值为“极高”的古树名木价值排序仅浙江柿(Diospyros glaucfolia,化城寺,胸径为101.91cm)和三角枫(Acer buergerianum,位于通慧寺)的景观价值排序位次发生了颠倒之外,两种方法的研究结果有着极高的相似性。(3)以九华山风景区古树名木群落为研究对象,收集了26个有代表性古树群落和45个对比林分的景观图片和样地资料,采用美景度评判法获得美景度值。利用语义差别法对古树群落的景观要素进行量化,并运用多元线性回归建立美景度值与景观要素的模型。结果表明：古树群落美景度值显著高于其他对比林分；受测者对景区内古树群落树木排列、光感、树木大小变异等景观要素反应值较高；树木形态、色彩丰富度、树木排列、林下层统一度、层次感、自然整枝、乔木层枝叶统一度是影响古树群落景观质量的主要要素,F检验表明,以这些景观要素建立的模型是合理可行的。(4)运用条件价值评估法中支付卡式(PC)和二分式(DC)两种问卷,对九华山风景区游客保护古树名木的支付意愿进行研究,并分析了其影响因素。结果表明：83.8%的游客认为应该对古树名木进行保护,仅有30.2%对保护现状满意。游客总体上保护古树名木的意识很强,但对保护现状不满意。支付卡式问卷调查结果为8.08元／人·月,二分式问卷调查结果为9.54元／人·月；按2010年游客接待量401万人次计算,2010年游客对九华山风景区古树名木保护的总支付意愿分别为1.500×108元和4.589×108元。影响支付卡式问卷支付意愿值的主要指标是年龄、个人年收入、文化程度和职业的相关性；影响二分式问卷支付意愿的主要指标是个人年收入。(5)通过受访者零支付意愿分析、两种不同诱导方式(支付卡式和单边界二分式)的差异比较和CVM时间稳定性检验研究九华山风景区古树名木保护的经济价值评估结果的可靠性。结果表明：零支付原因由高到底分别是由政府承担(A4)、担心资金被挪用(A5)、收入低(A1)、对保护不感兴趣(A2)、担心得不到有效的保护(A6)、对自己影响很小(A3)、自己所购的门票包括此项费用(A7)。通过对支付卡与单边界二分式两种诱导方式进行了比较研究,结果表明两种模式在估计的支付意愿确实存在较大差异。单边界二分法高于支付卡法,总支付意愿比值为2.93-3.01之间,符合国际上报道的1-6倍的经验结果。通过两个独立样本t检验(双尾P=0.473)和Mann-Whitney U检验结果(双尾P=0.413,α>0.05)显示支付卡式问卷和二分式问卷支付意愿均与第一次调查结果无显著差异,PC1和PC2、DC1和DC2支付意愿值相差分别为0.62和1.73元,两次结果重现性良好,对本次研究结果的可靠性给予了保证。(6)通过设置19项问卷内容,采用半访谈式问卷方法,对九华山风景区内当地居民、景区管理人员和游客进行问卷调查,研究不同群体对古树名木保护的认知及态度差异,并对受访者的社会经济特征对保护认知及态度的影响进行分析。结果表明：公众对古树名木的认知和保护态度较低,大体表现为景区管理人员高于游客高于当地居民。交叉列联表x2检验结果显示,当地居民、景区管理人员和游客三个不同的群体在“古树名木的经济价值”、“古树名木的生态价值”、“古树名木的社会公益价值”、“古树名木的科研价值”、“设立古树名木保护专项基金”、“游人集中的区域古树名木四周应设立栅栏”、“古树名木游客承载力”、“古树名木管理和保护力度”、“是否愿意参与景区古树名木保护”、“发现古树名木破坏行为的做法”、“是否愿意参与古树名木保护培训”、“是否愿意认养古树名木保护”上差异极显著,在其他问题上无显著差异。不同性别的受访者在2个问卷上内容差异显著；不同年龄的受访者在7个问卷上内容差异显著；不同收入的受访者在3个问卷上内容；不同教育程度的受访者在9个问卷上内容差异显著；不同职业在1个问卷内容上差异显著。总体上,表现为受访者的年龄和教育程度对古树名木保护认知和态度的影响大。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the economy and tourism develop rapidly, more and more people choose to visit scenic areas. An increasing number of tourists, excessive development and unreasonable construction cause unprecedented pressure on the survival of old and famous trees. Meanwhile, logging, transplantation, destruction of surrounding environments and imperfect management measures frequently occur. All of these reasons lead to tree illnesses and withering. Everywhere, the numbers of old and famous trees are decreasing rapidly. Based on an investigation of old and famous trees and the forest landscape in Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area in Anhui province, the individual plant landscape of old and famous trees and the landscape values of old woods were studied. The economic value of protection of old and famous trees and public recognition and attitude towards protection of old and famous trees were then examined. Understanding landscape aesthetic value and economic value of protection of old and famous trees can increase government officials and the public’s awareness towards protection, as well as to provide a reference for coordinating the development and the protection of old and famous trees. Main concepts and results of the research are the following:(1) A composite index system for landscape evaluation of old and famous trees was built based on aesthetic, ecological and resources requirement value. Old and famous trees were evaluated using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and fuzzy synthetic evaluation (FSE) method. The results showed that, tree shape is the most influential factor for landscape evaluation of old and famous trees based on this evaluation system. This is followed by interesting legends, color, plant season change, etc. Amongst all of the 449 old and famous trees in Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area,14 plants belonged to extremely high landscape value, accounting for 3.12% of total; 84 plants belonged to high value, accounting for 18.71%; 217 plants belonged to medium value, accounting for 48.33%; 123 plants belonged to low value, accounting for 27.39%; 11 plants belonged to very low value, accounting for 2.45%. The species with higher landscape value were Ginkgo biloba, Pinus taiwanensis, Osmamthus fragrans, Diospyros glaucifolia, Lindera megaphylla, Acer buergerianum, Emmenopterys henryi, Lindera erythrocarpa, and the scenic spots were Taibaishutang, Ganlusi, Tonghuisi.(2) Based on the composite index system of individual plant landscape of old and famous trees, rough sets theory was used to evaluate old and famous trees with "very high" landscape (AHP and FSE) values. Thus the results of FSE and AHP evaluation method were obtained for verification. The results showed that two kinds of assessment methods were almost identical for sorting index weight, only "growth potential" and "conservation level" were reversed. All of old and famous trees had very high landscape values, only the Diospyros glaucifolia (around Huachensi, DBH=101.91cm) and Acer buergerianum (around Tonghuisi) were reversed. Research results from the two methods had a high comparability.(3) Taking the old-tree community in Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area as the object of our study, photos and sample plots information of 26 old forest stands and 45 contrast forest stands were collected, and the scenic beauty values were acquired using scenic beauty estimation (SBE) method. Using the semantic differential (SD) method, the landscape elements of old tree community were quantified, then the multi-regression model was adopted to evaluate the relationship between scenic beauty values and specific landscape elements. The results showed that the scenic beauty values of old-tree communities were significantly greater than that of other forest stands. In old-forest stands, arrangement of trees, light perception and the variation of tree size were ranked as most important by respondents. The main elements affecting landscape aesthetic value of old tree community were the trunk form, richness of color, arrangement of trees, uniformity of ground plants, landscape gradation, natural pruning and uniformity of shoot and leaf in tree layer. F-test showed that the landscape evaluation model was effective.(4) The willingness to pay (WTP) values of the conservation of old and famous trees in Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area was measured by contingent valuation method (CVM), and the influential factors were analyzed. The payment card and single-bounded dichotomous choice question formats were used, which were more popular than the others of the contingent valuation method. The results indicate that 83.8% of the respondents thought that we ought to protect old and famous trees, while only 30.2 of the respondents were satisfied with the current situation. Under the payment card format, the mean WTP value of conserving old and famous trees in Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area was RMB 8.08 yuan per capita per month and the total economic value was 1.500×108 yuan for the tourists of Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area in 2010. Under single-bounded dichotomous choice format, the mean value of WTP for old and famous trees conservation in Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area was 9.54 yuan per capita per month and the total economic value was 4.598×108 yuan. The significant variables influencing the result of the payment card are age, education, annual income and vocation, while the main factor for the single-bounded dichotomous choice format was annual income.(5) The reliability of economic value for protecting old and famous trees in Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area was analyzed according to respondents’zero willingness to pay, a comparison of two different methodologies (payment card and single-bounded dichotomous choice) and time stability inspection of CVM. The results showed that the reasons (ratio) for zero willingness to pay from high to low are funds would be "taken by government (A4)", "worrying about funds diversion (A5)", "low income (A1)", "not interested in protection (A2)", "worrying about old and famous trees without effective protection (A6)", "little impact on themselves (A3)", "purchased tickets included the cost (A7)". By comparing the two different methodologies (payment card and one-bounded dichotomous choice), the WTP values were found to show a large difference. The value of single-bounded dichotomous choice is higher than the value by card payment. The total value ratio of the two different ways varies from 2.93 to 3.01. This result corresponded to results from international experiences, which reported the ratio ranges from 1 to 6 times. Comparing this result to that of the first study three months ago, the WTP of PC2 was higher than PC1 with 0.62 yuan per capita per month, while the WTP of DC2 was higher than DC1 with 1.73 yuan per capita per month. There was no significant discrepancy between the two studies from two independent sample t-tests (double tail P= 0.473) and Mann-Whitney U test (double tail P= 0.413,α>0.05), which gives good reproducibility and reliability to this study.(6) 19 questionnaires were designed. Local residents, scenic area management staff and visitors were interviewed at random using semi-structured questionnaire surveys. It is valuable to study different groups’understanding and their attitudes towards protecting old and famous trees, as well as analyze the influence of people’s social and economic characteristics towards protection of famous trees. The results showed that people’s recognition and attitude towards protection of old and famous trees was low, but scenic area management staffs scored slightly higher and local residents scored lowest. The results of crossover column contingency table X2 test showed that in the following aspects: "The economic value of old and famous trees", "The ecological value of old and famous trees", "The public benefits of old and famous trees", "The scientific value of old and famous trees", "Set up special fund for protecting old and famous trees", "Should build a fence around old and famous trees in areas with many visitors", "Resilience towards visitors of the environment surrounding old and famous trees", "Management and protection efforts towards old and famous trees", "Willingness to participate in the protection of old and famous trees in Jiuhua Mountain Scenic Area", "Reaction and action taken in response to vandalism to old and famous trees", "Willingness to participate in old and famous trees protection training" and "Is willing to adopt old and famous trees protection", the difference in attitude is significant between local residents, scenic area management staffs and tourists, but on other issues there are no significant differences. Men and women responded differently to 2 questions; respondents of different ages responded differently to 7 questions, respondents with different incomes responded differently to 3 questions; respondents with different education level responded differently to 9 questions and different professionals differed on only one question, the difference in results was significant for all the above categories. Overall, age and education level of respondents have a significant influence towards understanding of the issue and protective attitude towards old and famous trees.更多还原