【作者】 周怡；

【导师】 曾令良；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 国际法， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 国际法与国内法都是法律秩序,秩序内或许有些许概念相通,但不绝对代表可以想当然尔的相互推论而得出存在于国内法的法律概念必然会反映在国际法制度。以国内法的角度检视捕鱼活动是任何人以先占的方式取得的无主物并建立所有权,但国际法的先占是建立国家的管辖,并非取得物的所有权,亦即国内法的个别财产权归属制度未落实在国际法,因此,渔业资源在国际法秩序应为是事实上的无主物。虽然国际社会曾从全人类的福祉为出发,提出”人类共同遗产”或”人类共同关切事项”的概念,试图规范涉及全人类享用的资源分配议题,但受限于国际法特性,前述两概念并不能用以定性渔业资源。渔业资源是国际贸易主要标的,鉴于事实上无主物的特性,各国无不以”先占先赢”的态度竞相加入捞捕,经年累月过度捞捕造成生态回复力降低,甚至促成某些渔群濒临绝种的危机。有感于此,国际社会开始思索平衡生态回复与贸易发展,虽然”可持续发展原则”是否成为国际法的一般法律原则,尚有斟酌之处,但相关国家据此原则处理渔业问题已有一段时日,如《联合国海洋法公约》签署生效前的多边公约、双边协议或国际文件虽未明确要求以此原则处理渔业问题,但部分区域渔业组织与有关国家的实践显然是呼应可持续发展原则。除前项国际文件纷纷将此原则纳为主轴外,WTO更转变GATT对资源的利用态度,将1947年的”…Full use of the resource of the world…"说法转变为”…Optiimal use of the world resource…",以符合需要。由于渔业补贴对于渔业资源的可持续发展有着深远的影响,现行的协议不能规范渔业补贴,国际社会已展开相关研究并着手修改现行《补贴与反补贴措施协议》,虽然国际社会在修订过程的分歧态度使得渔业补贴是否应受严格的管制纷扰不休,但可以确定的是增加渔获为核心的补贴对渔业资源的可持续发展是弊大于利。由于可持续发展原则内涵相当广泛,且欠缺统一的实践内容,不仅区域渔业组织建议参与会员采取措施以保育特定渔业资源的可持续发展,各国亦以本国的思维进行各项保护措施,如制定严格的食品安全法规检验进口产品、要求进入本国市场的渔产品必须具备特定标签或产品来源证明,也许这些具体或抽象的国内措施符合本国利益,但未必然通过世贸组织相关协议所建立的各项原则的检验,从历次的争端不难发现世贸组织坚守贸易自由化的底线,任何企图挑战底线的单方措施莫不受到相当程度的非难。有批评者认为世贸组织的相关判决完全抹煞各国维持生态回复能力的苦心,甚至刻意忽略生态回复与人类的关系,进而主张应由国际海洋法庭受理此类案件。实则此种涉及天然资源的贸易案件是受限于条约本身职能而无法处理此类问题,世贸组织相关协议并无处理资源保育的规范,《联合国海洋法公约》也无法处理贸易自由化的议题,因此,单一事实重复为两个不同目的以上条约规范时,不仅无法从《维也纳条约法公约》找出解决方法,以一般法律原则建立单一管辖以解决条约间的冲突也不可行,唯有受理案件系属的国际司法机构彼此进行合作,无论是临时性的交换讯息或建立常态交换讯息的机制都能消弭认知差距,建立资源保育与贸易自由双赢的局面。更多还原

【Abstract】 Both International Law and Domestic Law are legal systems, although they do share some general legal consciousness and principles; however it definitely does not mean the legal concept which Domestic Law applies can also be adopted by International Law. For example, Fishing activity can be defined as "anyone who occupies res nullius and builds up ownership" in Domestic Law system, but the term "occupy" in International Law system works as building up a nation’s jurisdiction, not as the ownership of acquisition. This explains the fact that the right of individual ownership of property does not apply to International Law, therefore Fishery Resources is de facto res nullius. Although the international community has brought up the concept of "common heritage of mankind" or "common interest of mankind", trying to regulate the issue of distribution of natural resources which shared by all human beings, the two ideas mentioned above cannot be applied to characterize fishery resources because of the notion of International Law.Fishery resources are the main target of International Trade, due to fact that fishery resources are res nullius, every country is trying to get as much resources as they could base on "first come first serve" idea. Eventually this kind of competition causes the reduction of ecological restoration and certain species of fish are facing the possibility of extinction. Therefore, the International Community has started to think about this issue and try to find out a solution to balance the ecology and trading development. Although whether the principle of sustainable development has become the general principle of law in International Law is still under official confirmation, when it comes to the issue of fishery, most of the countries have started to follow the above principle. Many formal declarations of international conferences and documents have adapted that concept, for example even though UNCLOS did not have clear definition in either multilateral convention, bilateral agreement or international file, the actual actions between some regional organizations and countries are following the idea of sustainable development. Also WTO has even changed the statement which made by GATT in 1947 from "...full use of the resources of the world" to "...optimal use of the world resource".Fisheries subsidies have great influence on the sustainable development of fishery resource, the international community has already launched relevant research and revising current ACSM. Even thought there were diverting opinions about this issue which made it difficult to reach an agreement on whether fishery subsidies should be strictly regulated, it is still can be sure that the increase of fishery subsidies will have negative impact on the sustainable development of fishery resources. Besides the fact that regional fishery management organizations suggest participants to take certain protecting measures on specific fishery resources based on the principle of sustainable development, every country also carries on their own protective trade-related measures, such as making sure all of the import products are being exanimate under strict food safty regulations, the fish products which access into the market should have eco labels or catch documentation schemes of origin and species. All of these measures may be able to serve national interests, however it will not be easy to pass the inspection of WTO as the principle of WTO is the liberalization of trade. Some critic thinks WTO totally obliterates the efforts that countries made to maintain the ecology restoration and suggest ITLOS should take care of this kind of cases. In fact, case like this which involves trading and natural resources will be limited by the function of treaty itself, neither WTO nor UNCLOS has relevant protocol to solve the issue. When a single issue is being regulated by two different treaties or norms, finding solutions from Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties or from general law principle are both not workable. Only when all of the involving judicial organizations cooperate with each other, temporarily exchanges information or even to establish the information exchange mechanism can prevent and reduce disparity and then to create a win-win situation.更多还原