【作者】 叶协锋；

【导师】 李世清； 刘国顺；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 植物营养学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 在收集、分析大量土壤、烟叶样品和气象数据等资料基础上,利用层次分析法、相关系数法等定性和定量评价相结合的方法,研究建立包括植烟土壤适宜性、烤烟气候适生性的烤烟生态适宜性评价指标体系,以及烤烟品质定性、定量的评价体系。根据所建立的评价指标体系,完成了河南省植烟区域生态条件的定性、定量评价和区划。1、构建了河南省烟草种植生态适宜性区划评价指标体系。(1)建立了植烟土壤适宜性评价指标体系。包括速效钾、速效氮、水溶性氯、速效磷、有机质、耕层厚度、pH、土壤质地、全氮和盐分10个因子。(2)建立了气候适生性评价指标体系。包括成熟期均温、生育期均温、生育期日照时数、生育期降雨量、生育期相对湿度等5个因子;(3)建立了地形地貌适宜性评价指标体系。包括地貌类型、海拔高度、坡度等3个因子。河南省烟草种植生态适宜性区划评价体系中,土壤适宜性评价权重为0.60,气候适生性评价权重为0.30,地形地貌适宜性评价权重为0.10。2、系统研究了烤烟NC89的生长发育规律与气象条件的吻合度,分析了河南省烟区移栽期气温稳定达到12℃和成熟期日均温小于20℃的地区和时间,并探讨了部分质量因素与土壤理化性状的关系。(1)系统分析了有效叶现叶规律,叶长、叶宽、株高和茎围的生长规律,以及干物质积累规律,并建立了各指标的拟合方程;(2)叶龄21d-41d之间是叶肉细胞快速扩展、内含物逐步丰富的主要时期。随着成熟度的不断提高,叶绿体片层结构清晰度不断下降,结构逐渐松散并消失,最终导致叶绿体解体,内含物发生游离,出现空泡;(3)当年主要气象要素及历年气象要素与NC89的生长发育规律相吻合;(4)河南省烟区移栽期日均温稳定达到12℃的时间分别是四月上旬、中旬和下旬,成熟期日均温小于20℃的出现时间分别为八月下旬,九月上旬、中旬和下旬;(5)土壤pH值、有机质含量、土壤粒径介于0.05㎜和0.001㎜之间的土壤颗粒百分含量,以及土壤钙、镁、铁、铝和钠的含量不同程度的影响到巨豆三烯酮4个同分异构体的含量;(6)土壤全磷、速效钾、有机质、全氮、镁、pH和钠等6个指标和烟叶有机酸含量关系较密切。3、将地质背景与烟叶品质相结合探究两者关系,并完成了地形地貌适宜性区划。(1)在河南省植烟县分布最广的地质沉积全新统层为烟叶种植较适宜区,早于第四纪地层的区域为烟叶种植中等适宜区,中更新统沉积层为烟叶种植的低适宜区,晚更新统沉积层区域为烟叶种植较低适宜区,早更新统沉积层区域为烟叶种植适宜区。(2)河南省烟草种植地形地貌适宜性区划为四个等级,一级适宜区占到了河南省的70%,二级适宜区主要分布在周口、商丘、漯河、驻马店、信阳等地市,三级适宜区主要分布在周口、商丘、驻马店、信阳等地市,四级适宜区主要分布在三门峡、南阳、济源和洛阳等地市。4、研究并评价了河南省植烟土壤适宜性等级。(1)河南省植烟土壤有机质含量总体上处于适宜水平,多数土壤样品pH为中性或偏碱性,有效氮含量处于适宜水平,多数样品速效磷含量偏低,速效钾含量平均值较适宜但烟区间变异较大,土壤水溶性氯含量整体偏高,土壤阳离子交换量处于中等水平,全氮含量适宜。共有49个样品盐分含量>1.0%,周口和商丘植烟土壤属于轻盐渍化土壤,其他地区植烟土壤为非盐渍化土壤。郑州植烟土壤质地偏砂,三门峡、洛阳和济源植烟土壤质地相对偏粘;(2)肥力等级一级适宜区包括29个植烟县,二级适宜区19个植烟县,三级适宜区15个植烟县,四级适宜区1个植烟县。5、评价了河南省烟区1971-2005年间4-9月主要气候因子变迁趋势,并进行了河南省气候适宜性区划。(1)平均气温总体呈上升趋势,气温变化倾向率为0.0061℃/a,平均气温豫南>豫中>豫西烟区。常年日照时数均呈明显的下降趋势,倾向率为-4.1575h/a,日照时数豫西>豫中>豫南烟区。降雨量变化趋势与常年平均值相近并略有上升趋势,变化倾向率为0.31mm/a,降雨量豫南>豫中>豫西烟区。相对湿度波动中呈上升趋势,倾向率为0.047%/a,相对湿度豫南>豫中>豫西烟区。平均气温的上升使得烤烟移栽期可以提前,而日照时数的下降直接影响到烟叶的光合作用,进而影响质量形成。(2)河南省气候适宜性一级适宜区包括7个地市,其中南阳适宜面积最大;二级适宜区包括11个地市,其中信阳和驻马店适宜面积相对较大;三级适宜区以信阳(20.97%)面积相对较大;四级适宜区以商丘(16.71%)面积相对较大。6、建立了烟叶质量评价指标体系,系统研究并评价了河南省烤烟质量。(1)河南省多数烤烟样品外观质量较好,烟叶颜色多橘黄,成熟度较好,结构较疏松,身份中等,有油分,色度中等,正反色差较小,叶面较均匀;(2)烟叶含梗率和平衡含水率在适宜范围的比例较低;(3)总糖含量整体偏高,钾含量整体偏低;(4)河南省烤烟样品吸食质量在中等偏上的水平,总分以济源最高,南阳次之,商丘最差;(5)河南省不同地区烟叶的综合质量指数得分均在70分以上,而周口、信阳、商丘等地稍低。7、完成了河南省烟草种植区生态适宜性区域划分。包括5个一级种植区,分别是豫西山地丘陵种植区、豫中平原种植区、豫西南南阳盆地种植区、豫南大别山区和桐柏山区种植区、豫东平原种植区。对64个植烟县进行了适宜等级区划。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on the collection and analysis of a large number of data of soil and tobacco leaf samples and meteorology, the soil suitability of tobacco-growing areas, the ecological suitability of tobacco-growing areas and quality of flue-cured tobacco qualitative and quantitative evaluation system were established, using the combination of qualitative and quantitative evaluation methods of Hierarchical Analysis, Correlation Coefficients Analysis in this paper. According to the evaluation index system, the qualitative and quantitative assessment and zoning classification of tobacco region in Henan Province were completed.1. The ecological adaptability evaluation system of Henan tobacco planting areas was constructed. (ⅰ) The indexes of evaluation system of the soil suitability of tobacco-growing areas was established, including 10 factors of available potassium, available nitrogen, water-soluble chlorine, available phosphorus, organic matter, topsoil thickness, pH, soil texture, total nitrogen, salinity; (ⅱ) The indexes of evaluation system of climate suitability of tobacco-growing areas was established, including 5 factors of average temperature at maturity and average temperature, sunshine hours, rainfall and relative humidity in the whole growth stage; (ⅲ) The indexes of evaluation system of topography of tobacco-growing areas was established, including 3 factors of landforms, altitude and slope.The weights of soil, climate and topography suitability evaluation were 0.60, 0.30 and 0.10, respectively, in the ecological adaptability division evaluation system of Henan tobacco planting areas.2. The coincidence of the growth and development regulation of tobacco NC89 and the meteorological conditions was systematically studied, and the area of the temperature in transplanting period stabling up to 12℃and the daily average temperature at mature stage lower than 20℃in Henan tobacco fields were analyzed. The relationships between some of quality factors and soil physical-chemical properties were discussed. (ⅰ)Effective leaf presenting leaf law, leaf length and leaf width, plant height and girth growth law and dry matter accumulation law were systematically analyzed and had established each kind of target fitting equation; (ⅱ)Leaf age between 21d-41d was the primary period of the mesophyll cell fast expansion and the inner content gradually rich. With the maturity degree increasing, the definition of chloroplast laminar structure declined, and the structure gradually loosed and vanished, eventually result in the disintegration of chloroplasts, inner contents ionizing and the appearance of vacuoles; (ⅲ)The year’s main meteorological fators and calendar year meteorological fators were well coincided with the growth and development law of tobacco NC89; (ⅳ)The time of the average daily temperature stability reaching 12℃in transplanting period was divided into three times, respectively were early April, mid-April and late April. The time of daily average temperature lowing than 20℃at maturity were late August, early September, mid-September and late September; (ⅴ)Soil pH, organic matter content, the percentage of soil particle which the soil particle size is situated between 0.05mm and 0.001mm, and the content of calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum and sodium in soil had various degree influenced on the content of the four isomers of Megastigmatrienone; (ⅵ) The indicators of total phosphorus, available potassium, organic matter, total nitrogen, magnesium, pH, and sodium in soil had more close relationships with organic acids content in tobacco leaves.3. The relationship of geological background and tobacco leaf quality was researched, and the division of topography suitability was completed. (ⅰ)The areas of holocene geological layer deposition which the most widely distributed in the county of tobacco-growing areas in Henan province was relative appropriate areas for tobacco-growing, the areas of early in the quaternary strata was the medium appropriate areas for tobacco-growing, the areas of pleistocene was less appropriate areas for tobacco-growing, the areas of late pleistocene deposits was less relative appropriate areas for tobacco-growing, and the areas of early pleistocene deposits was appropriate areas for tobacco-growing; (ⅱ) The tobacco-growing areas in Henan province was divided into four grades, the first appropriate areas was accounted for 70% of Henan province, the second appropriate areas were mainly distributed in Zhoukou, Shangqiu, Luohe, Zhumadian and Xinyang, the third appropriate areas were mainly distributed in the Zhoukou, Shangqiu, Zhumadian, Xinyang, and the fourth appropriate areas were mainly distributed in Sanmenxia, Nanyang, Luoyang, Jiyuan.4. The soil suitability level for tobacco-planting in Henan province was systematically researched and evaluated. (ⅰ)The content of soil organic matter in Henan province was in appropriate level in general, most soil samples were neutral or alkaline, the content of available nitrogen was in appropriate level, the content of available phosphorus of most soil samples was low, the average content of available potassium was relatively appropriate but the variation in different areas was great, the content of water-soluble chlorine was high in whole, the CEC of soil was in middle level, and the content of total nitrogen was appropriate. The salinity content of 49 samples was greater than 1.0%, the soil for tobacco-planting of Zhoukou and Shangqiu belonged to light salinization soil, but the soil for tobacco-planting of other areas was non-salinization soil. The soil of Zhengzhou was sandy, and Sanmenxia, Luoyang and Jiyuan were comparatively sticky; (ⅱ)In terms of fertility level, the region of level 1 included 29 counties, the region of level 2 included 19 counties, the region of level 3 included 15 counties, and the region of level 4 region included 1 counties.5. Based on meteorological data of Henan province between April and September in 1971-2005, the mainly climate factor change trend of 35 years in tobacco-planting areas in Henan province was systematically evaluated, and climate suitability of Henan province was divided. (ⅰ) As a whole, the average temperature had a ascend trend, the temperature change trend rate was 0.0061℃/a, and the average temperature of the south of Henan province was higher than the middle which was bigger than the west; The annual sunshine hours had a significant decrease trend, and the trend rate was -4.1575 h/a, and the annual sunshine hours of the west of Henan province were higher than the middle which was bigger than the south; The change trends of rainfall were close to perennial average and had a slight increase trend. The change trend rate was 0.31 mm/a, and rainfall of the south was higher than the middle which was bigger than the west; The relative humidity had a rising trend with fluctuation. The trend rate was 0.047%/a and the west was higher than the middle which was bigger than the west.The rise in average temperature can be made in advance of transplanting of tobacco, and the decline in sunshine hours has a direct impact on leaf photosynthesis which affect the quality formation. (ⅱ) In terms of climate suitability, 7 regions belonged to level 1 , during which the appropriate area of Nanyang was the largest; 11 regions belonged to level 2, during which the appropriate area of Xinyang and Zhumadian was the largest; The area of level 3 in Xinyang (20.97%) was relatively bigger; The area of level in Shangqiu(16.71%)was relatively bigger.6. The indexes in evaluation system of tobacco leaf quality was established and the flue-cured tobacco quality of Henan province was systematically studied and evaluated. (ⅰ) The appearance of most samples was good quality, including more orange color leaves, good maturity, relatively loose structure, good bodied, oilly, medium color saturation, small color difference between blade on the face and blade on the back and leaf color more uniform; (ⅱ) Stem ratio and equilibrium moisture content of tobacco leaves in the appropriate range was in lower proportion.; (ⅲ)Total sugar content was overall high levels, and K+ content was overall low levels; (ⅳ) Sensory evaluation scores of Henan province samples was in the mid to upper level and the samples of Jiyuan got the highest scores, the samples of Nanyang got second scores, and the samples of Shangqiu got the lowest scores; (ⅴ) Comprehensive quality index scores of tobacco in different district of Henan province were all over 70 and the samples of Zhoukou, Xinyang, Shangqiu was lower.7. Growing regionalization of ecological suitability zone of flue-cured tobacco was divided in Henan province. And the zone include 5 first-grade growing areas, respectively was mountainous and hilly-growing areas in western of Henan, plain-growing areas in middle-Henan, Nanyang basin-growing area in southwest of Henan, Dabie mountain and Tongbai mountain-growing areas in southern-Henan, plain-growing areas in east-Henan. And 64 tobacco-growing counties were divided based on appropriate levels.更多还原