【作者】 谭志国；

【导师】 田敏；

【作者基本信息】 中南民族大学 ， 民族学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 世居湘鄂渝黔比邻地区的土家族以其悠久的历史、丰富的民族文化、果敢英勇、勤劳善良的民族性格屹立于中华民族之林。土家族非物质文化遗产是土家族传统文化的重要组成部分,在土家族民众人生观、世界观、思维方式的形成过程中起到不可或缺的作用,是土家族民族文化的“遗传基因”。土家族非物质文化遗产在漫长的历史长河中形成了独特性、山地性、宗教性、兼容性、外露性、综合性等特征,显著区别于其他兄弟民族。步入二十一世纪,在政府主导下,土家族非物质文化遗产受到前所未有的关注,先期普查工作已圆满完成,优秀民间艺人被政府授予“民间文化大师”、“非物质文化遗产传承人”。保护与开发工作在摸索中不断前行,理论研究逐步深入。土家族非物质文化遗产的社会影响力与日俱增,撒叶儿嗬夺冠青歌赛,高调亮相世博会;土家摆手舞成为全国知名的广场健身舞蹈。土家族非物质文化遗产中所蕴含的团结、和谐元素,成为协调邻里关系、增强民族凝聚力、促进新农村文化及社区建设的重要工具。当然,土家族非物质文化遗产的保护与开发工作还处于初级阶段,还存在着诸多不尽如人意的方面。系统的梳理和理论的探讨非常必要,本文拟分七个部分进行探讨:第一部分,土家族非物质文化遗产概述。这一部分回顾了土家族的历史,简要介绍了现状,对土家族非物质文化遗产,特别是国家级非物质文化遗产项目做了较为详细的介绍,并进而分析了土家族非物质文化遗产的特点。第二部分,土家族非物质文化遗产的价值及文化变迁。在对土家族非物质文化遗产进行保护和开发的过程中,要正确认识土家族非物质文化遗产的保护和开发的重要意义及辩证关系。从文化变迁的角度出发,探寻影响土家族非物质文化遗产变迁的主要因素,分析土家族非物质文化遗产独立发展的原因。第三部分,土家族非物质文化遗产保护的成绩与实践。从学术研究和具体操作两个层面对目前土家族非物质文化遗产保护的现状进行了梳理、概括,并针对目前在土家族非物质文化遗产保护中存在的问题做深入分析,并有针对性的提出了相关对策。第四部分,土家族非物质文化遗产保护模式解析。根据在目前保护的实践经验和出现的问题制定总的原则,作为保护和开发的准绳,指导保护和开发的方向。针对目前土家族非物质文化遗产保护的主要模式——法律保护、数字化保护、生态园区保护模式等,分析操作得失,探寻土家族非物质文化遗产保护的有效手段。第五部分,土家族非物质文化遗产的开发与传承。土家族非物质文化遗产的开发已呈现出遍地开花的繁荣景象,将遗产作为产业和旅游开发的重要资源是比较常见的手段。开发是一柄双刃剑,既能有效推动地区经济快速增长,又可能对非物质文化产生毁灭性破坏,关键是如何掌握开发的方向和尺度。本文关注到上海世博会中抢眼的土家非遗元素,以土家族为例,进行了会展活态开发模式的探讨。保护和开发是为了更好的传承,传承人是非物质文化遗产保护传承的关键性因素。为进一步认识土家族非物质文化遗产开发与传承的优劣势、机遇和挑战,本文运用SWOT方法对其进行了深入探讨,提出了相应对策。第六部分,案例与示范推广。此部分以土家撒叶儿嗬、吊脚楼为例,论证不同类型的非物质文化遗产在保护和开发中,应采取不同的措施。对当下较为热门的“长阳模式”也做了一定的探讨。第七部分,新农村背景下土家族非物质文化遗产的发展。新农村建设是新时期推动农村经济文化建设的重要举措,而土家族非物质文化既是农村文化的重要组成部分,同时农村文化又是土家族非物质文化遗产之根,只有将土家族非物质文化遗产的保护、开发与土家族新农村文化建设结合起来,才能推动土家族地区社会经济文化建设的快速发展。在文中,根据土家族非物质文化遗产特征和人类学理论研究对象,本人尝试运用功能主义和惯习——场域理论对土家族非物质文化遗产的保护和开发进行了解析。论证结果显示,合理的经济资本运作有利于土家族非物质文化遗产的保护和开发。土家族非物质文化场域下形成的惯习,对土家族民众生产、生活和思维产生深远影响,正确的引导惯习的形成与发展,对于塑造土家族民众完美个性,孕育和谐文化,均有重要意义。对土家族非物质文化遗产保护和开发现状的准确把握,保护和开发手段的全面分析研究及理论上的探讨,对于土家族非物质文化遗产未来的保护和开发非常重要,对于土家族地区经济、文化的繁荣也意义深远。更多还原

【Abstract】 The report of the 17th congress pointed out: "today’s era, culture has become a more and more important source of national cohesion and creativity, become the important factor of competition in overall national, rich cultural life has become more and more ardent desire for our people.... the Chinese culture of the Chinese nation, is a perennial inexhaustible source of unity. To a comprehensive understanding of traditional Chinese culture and its essence and discard the dregs, make and contemporary social adaptation, in harmony with modern civilization, keep its national character and reflect changes of The Times. Strengthen traditional Chinese excellent culture education, use modern technological means the rich resources development and utilization of national culture. Strengthen the cultures of all ethnic groups mining and protection, value of cultural relics and intangible cultural heritage protection, completes the cultural books finishing work.“The Tujia culture is note for its long history and rich culture, courageous heroic, hard-working kind of national character. Tujia intangible cultural heritage is the Tujia traditional culture, as an important part of the Tujia people in outlook, the formation process of thinking mode plays an indispensable role of Tujia national culture, is the "genetic".Distinguished from other ethnic brothers significantly, Tujia intangible cultural heritage in the long history formed the uniqueness, hill farming, fishing and hunting culture type, mostly and the sacrificial activities, good cultural compatibility and fiery exposed the emotional characteristics, comprehensive features. Stepping into the 21st century, led by Tujia non-material cultural heritage brought unprecedented attention, the government census work magnificent and victorious, intangible cultural heritage by government awarded "descendants of folk culture master", all levels of "intangible cultural heritage", inheritance of intangible cultural heritage project performance fascinating, is high-key appear on Shanghai world expo.This paper is divided into seven parts:The first part is about the tradition and modern context of intangible cultural heritage of Tujia people. This part of Tujia historical briefly reviewed the status of Tujia intangible cultural heritage, particularly the national project do not spare this paper introduces in detail the Tujia, and analyzes the characteristics of intangible cultural heritage.The second part is about the values and cultural change. In Tujia intangible cultural heritage protection and development process, recognizing Tujia intangible cultural heritage protection and development is of important significance. From the perspective of cultural change, this part explores the influence of Tujia intangible cultural heritage, meanwhile, analyzes the main factors of the changes of Tujia intangible cultural heritage independent development.The third part is about the achievement and protection practice. From the academic research and specific operation of two facets of current Tujia intangible cultural heritage protection and the present situation of the development, and in view of the present in Tujia intangible cultural heritage protection and development and the problems of a more in-depth analysis.The fourth part is about principles and pattern exploration. Protecting and developing yardstick is developed according to the protection and development in the present problems, guiding the protection and development direction. It also analyzes Tujia and other areas of intangible cultural heritage protection means and methods -- legal protections, digital protection, such as the protection of ecological park, analyzing operating gain and loss, exploring Tujia intangible cultural heritage protection effective means.The fifth part is about the development and heritage inheritance. Tujia intangible cultural heritage development has presented the land development of flourishing, and industrial development and regarded as important tourism resource development. Development is a double edged sword, it can effectively promote regional fast economic growth, and also has effect on intangible cultural produce destruction, and the key is how to grasp the development directions and scales. This paper concerns in the Shanghai world expo in Tujia that grabs an eye not to spare elements, for example, it carried on the Tujia exhibition active protection development pattern discussion. In order to better protect the inheritance in markets, inheritance of intangible cultural heritage protection and inheriting a key factor in the school education strength, this paper uses SWOT method to analyze and point out some strategies. The sixth part is about the case and demonstration of promotion. In this part, DiaoJiaoLou and marked ho are shown as examples, arguing that different types of intangible cultural heritage in the protection and development, should adopt different measures. Meanwhile, this paper also discusses the current relatively popular "changyang mode" .The seventh part is about the development of Tujia culture under the background of new rural development. The new countryside culture construction in the new period of rural economy is pushing the culture construction of Tujia, and is an important measure of intangible cultural, while rural culture of Tujia intangible cultural heritage and the root of Tujia, and the intangible cultural heritage protection and development and construction of the new countryside culture of Tujia combined Tujia area, to boost the rapid development of economic culture construction.Tujia intangible cultural heritage protection and development theory is discussed. As an ethnology student, use of anthropological theory perspective on deeply analyze study is very necessary. According to the characteristics of Tujia intangible cultural heritage and anthropological theories research object, I chose functional creed and habitus - field theory of Tujia intangible cultural heritage for the protection and development to make a comprehensive analysis. Tujia intangible cultural heritage generated the functional diversity, but self-contained, with the protection and development premise conditions; Tujia intangible cultural field internal capital constant flow, conversion, making Tujia intangible cultural vitality, reasonable economic capital operation of Tujia intangible cultural heritage for the protection and development. Tujia intangible cultural field formed under the of Tujia people habitus, production, living and thinking a far-reaching effect on the right guidance habitus, Tujia people formed the shaping perfect personality, inoculating harmony culture, all of these have the important meaning.This paper makes a detailed analysis on Tujia intangible cultural heritage protection and development status, and also the theoretical exploration; it has far-reaching significance for the future of Tujia intangible cultural heritage protection and economic development of the Tujia area.更多还原