【作者】 钟武强；

【导师】 龚志民；

【作者基本信息】 湘潭大学 ， 政治经济学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 从资源环境相对宽松的自由经济时代过渡到资源约束越来越严格的全球经济一体化时代,西方经济学家们总结了两个著名的经济学定理。第一定理通俗表达是:“人人为自己,社会将更好”。这一定理反映了资源环境相对宽松的自由经济时代的西方人对世界经济乐观的看法。在这一时期,西方经济学者充分肯定资本产权对企业治理的作用,寻求自由竞争条件下利润最大化的资源配置方式。在资源约束相对宽松的条件下,企业凭借资本和资源获利的能力显得相对强大,人的作用相对被弱化了,作为真正为企业创造价值的劳动者集体的地位没有很好地突显出来,资本所有者认为资源比人重要,所以,他们似乎找到了一个占有全部企业剩余的理由,宣布“资本——利润,劳动力——工资,土地——地租”三位一体的庸俗经济学教条为真理,并力求借助于资产阶级经济学家而扩展为一种普遍适用的价值观,完全掩盖了劳动创造商品价值的真相。第二定理的通俗表达是:“人人为自己,社会将更差”。这一定理反映了资源约束越来越严格的全球经济一体化时代西方人对世界经济状态悲观的认知。与之相适应,西方经济学者开始探索在如何降低交易费用条件下的构建资本产权结构和秩序。在全球经济面临的资源约束条件越来越严格的条件下,为了避免人类集体努力使社会越变越差这一窘境,人们必须转换个体经济行为与群体经济行为之间关系的思维。这是一种基于复杂科学思维基础的个体与群体的关系(己群关系)。这种关系可通俗地表述为:“利己中利群,利群中利己,己群共生”。正是在这背景下,联合产权制度及其实现形式对我国企业的治理显示出其特殊的价值和意义。在资源约束越来越严格的经济条件下,人的作用越来越突出,劳动者特别是劳动体在企业商品价值创造中的本性越来越明显地展示出来。劳动者和劳动体在企业生产力中地位提升的这一事实,更说明劳动价值论基本原理的正确性。企业产权制度是一个演进的过程,企业产权制度的变化同样要适应企业生存与发展不同阶段的特性。目前资本产权还占据着企业产权的主导地位,并不说明它是最适合企业的生存和发展规律的,而是它和企业发展历史的这个阶段的生产方式还有相适应的地方。联合产权还没有成为企业产权制度的主流方式,并不说明联合产权制度本身不好,因为它和知识时代生产方式相适应,将代表着企业产权制度的一个演进方向,联合产权制度本身就代表着一种生产关系,只是在当下的历史阶段中还没有充分展示出来。当西方经济学者在完全肯定或不断否定资本产权对企业生成或企业治理的价值和意义时,联合产权理论则兼顾了资本所有者与劳动者利益,从企业劳动体与商品体价值形成的相互关系、企业经济体延续性的角度探讨了企业产权制度的变迁规律和发展趋势。在全球资源约束越来越严格的条件下,企业的产权制度设计必须要考虑到企业经济体中全体劳动者的利益和企业体发展的延续性的关系。为此,就必须要兼顾要素所有者和劳动体参与者的产权要求。从资本的历史属性、商品体价值的劳动形成过程和企业经济体延续对企业产权的要求等综合角度,联合产权理论探讨了现代企业产权制度的复杂性,认为只有从劳动价值论和现代劳动体价值论的基本原理出发,充分认识现代企业产权的复杂性,建立相应的产权制度,在资源约束的条件下,才能更好地协调和解决不同产权主体的经济利益、企业的延续发展、市场竞争、自我激励等问题。结合复杂科学(complex phenomena)的自相似规律(self-similar rule)、成性存存规律(non-symmetry rule)、相生相克规律(give- while-exploit rule)三规律,探讨了资源约束条件下联合产权制度实现过程中的复杂性,并提出了相关的对策。根据马克思联合劳动理论,本文分析了在资本主义生产方式下雇佣劳动联合体的特点。在资本主义生产方式下,雇佣劳动联合体的“劳动的社会生产力”或“集体力”表现为资本的生产力,资本家获取集体力创造的全部剩余价值。本文在马克思劳动价值论的基础上,结合现代企业劳动体知识化、整体化的特点,提出了劳动体价值论的观点,认为商品体的二因素是由劳动体的二重性决定的。所谓劳动体,是指参与企业商品生产的所有劳动者劳动的相互联系、相互依赖、相互矛盾而又相互合作且不可分割的有机结合的关系。商品体的使用价值是由劳动体的具体劳动决定的,商品体的价值实际上是劳动体的无差别的人类劳动的凝结,生产商品的具体劳动实际上是企业劳动体在一定形式下的劳动,抽象劳动实际上是撇开劳动的具体特点从而没有质的区别的企业劳动体的劳动。在劳动价值论和劳动体价值论的基础上,结合联合产权理论,提出了劳动体产权的概念,它是指企业所有劳动者作为一个整体劳动者享有的在企业管理过程和企业剩余分享中的权利。分析了我国企业劳动关系不和谐的原因,探讨了联合产权制度与实现企业和谐劳动的相互关系。联合产权制度有利于劳动主体和谐,有利于劳动体生产力的充分发挥。结合传统儒家制度资源,有利于联合产权制度在企业管理过程中的顺利实现。探讨了在公有制基础上联合产权制度的实现形式,提出了公有制联合产权股份制范式、公有制联合产权分红制范式和公有制联合产权劳动体产权范式三种实现形式,分析了三种范式的不同特点,介绍了具体的操作流程。联合产权制度是公有制产权的一种有效实现形式,有利于社会主义公有制的充分实现和发展,有利于在公有制条件下使劳动体的整体利益获得产权制度的保护,有利于社会主义公有制实现形式的自我完善,有利于非公有制经济向社会主义经济转化。建立联合产权制度是深化公有制产权实现形式的必然趋势。同样,在资源约束严酷的条件下,联合产权制度是民营企业劳动关系治理的理性选择。探讨了民营企业联合产权制度的实现形式,分析了民营企业联合产权股份制范式、民营企业联合产权分红制范式和联合产权劳动体产权范式的特点,提出了相应实施方案。民营企业联合产权制度有利充分发挥民营企业劳动体生产力,创建有中国特色的后现代民营企业管理模式。联合产权理论是我国企业产权制度变迁规律的理论概括,联合产权制度实现形式的探讨是马克思主义产权理论的中国化的具体运用,是解决“小平之虑”的有效途径,是劳动者集体走向共同富裕的制度保障。更多还原

【Abstract】 During the transition of the free economy occupying relatively liberal resources and environment to a global economic integration with more stringent constraints in resources application, western economists have summed up two well-known economic theorems. The first one is a popular expression: "Every man cares for himself, and then the community will be better." This theorem reflects how westerners view the world economy when resources and environment are relatively relaxed in free economy. During this period, the capital of western economists fully affirmed the role of property rights on corporate governance, seeking for the resource allocation to maximize profits under the conditions of free competition. In the relatively relaxed conditions of resource constraints, the ability of enterprises with capital and resources to gain profit is relatively strong, while the relative role of people has been weakened. However, the importance of the workers who create value for the enterprise as a truly collective status is not well fleshed out. The owners of capital think that resources are more important than people, so they seem to find a reason for the remaining share of the total enterprises, and announce the "capital - profits, labor - wages, land - rent" vulgar economics Trinity doctrine as truth, and seek with the bourgeois economists and extended to a universal value, which completely covers up the truth value of labor to create commodities. The second theorem is popularly expressed as: "Every man cares for himself, and then society will demonstrate poorer." This theorem reflects the global economic integration with more stringent resource constraints, which showcases the state of pessimistic westerners’awareness. Providing the reduced transaction costs, corresponding western economists began to explore how to construct capital structure and order of property rights. Resources in the global economy are facing increasingly stringent conditions, in order to avoid the plight of society which human collective efforts may worsen the progressive society, people’s thinking on the relationship between individual economic behavior and that of community. This is a complex scientific thinking on the basis of the relationship between individual and group (relationship between individual and group). This relationship can be popularly expressed as:“Benefiting individual while benefiting community, benefiting community while benefiting individual, and Symbiotic Ego emerges.”It is in this context, the united property system and its implementation in the form of corporate governance in China can show its special value and significance. Increasingly stringent resource constraints in economic conditions, people become increasingly prominent. The nature of workers, especially of labor unity to create enterprise commodity value has been more and more obvious. The fact that the role of workers and labor unity has been enhanced in Business Productivity states that the correctness of the basic principles of labor value. Enterprise property right system is an evolving process and it should also change to adapt to the survival and development of enterprises in different stages. Recently capital still occupies the dominant position of enterprise property, which does not mean that it is the most suitable for the survival and development of enterprises, but it has some common with business development at this stage of production. Joint ownership of property right system has not yet become a mainstream way, which also does not mean that the joint property system itself is not good, but because it adapts to the era of knowledge which will represent the direction of evolution of enterprise property right system.. Joint ownership of property right system itself represents the production relations, but in the present historical stage, has not fully displayed.When western economists continuously hold the full positive or negative perception towards the value and meaning of enterprise generation or corporate governance brought from capital property rights, the united property rights theory takes into account both of the interests of capital owners and workers, to discuss changes of the enterprise property right system and trends in terms of the relationship between the formation of labor unity value and that of goods unity, as well as continuity of enterprise economy. Under the conditions of resource constraints becoming more stringent in the world, the design of enterprise property right system must take into account the relationship between benefiting the interests of all workers and maintaining the business developing continuity in corporate economy. To this end, it must take account of the property requirements of both the factor owners and participants in the labor unity. From the comprehensive perspective of the history of capital property, the formation of commodity value of labor and requirements of business continuity on enterprise property, the theory of united property rights discuss the complexity of the modern enterprise system and reckon that only starting from the basic principle of the Labor Theory of Value and Modern Labor Unity Theory of Value, fully understanding the complexity of modern enterprise property rights, establishing corresponding property rights system, can we better coordinate and handle the issues of economic interests for various property owners, the continuation of business development, market competition, and self-motivation, ect under the constraint of resources. Combined with three laws of“self-similar rule”of“complex phenomena”,“non-symmetry rule”, and“give-while-exploit rule”, this paper investigates the complexity during the implementation process of united property rights system with the constrained-resource-utilization, and puts forward some relative countermeasures.According to the Marxist Theory of United Labor, the paper analyses the characteristics of hired labor unity under the capitalist mode of production. In light of this mode, hired labor unity’s "social productivity of labor" or "collective efforts" is embodied as the productivity of capital, all surplus value created by capitalists’acquiring collective power. On the basis of Marx’s Labor Theory of Value, coupled with the knowledgeable and integrated characteristics of modern enterprise labor unity, this paper brings up the theory of value of labor unity that the second factor of commodity unity is decided by the duality of labor unity duality. The so-called labor unity is an integral relationship which is all interrelated, interdependent and mutually contradictory for company employees involved in commodity production. The use value of goods is determined by Concrete labor. The value of goods is actually the unity work of undifferentiated human coagulation. The production of specific commodities labor is actually the unity in a certain form of labor The abstract labor actually puts aside the specific features of labor no qualitative difference between the corporate unity of the work of labor. In the theory of value and labor on the basis of the unity, combined with joint property rights theory, the concept of property rights, labor unity, it refers to all enterprise employees who enjoy working as a management process in the enterprise and business in the surplus sharing rights. Labor relations in China analyze the reasons of discord, of the joint property system and to achieve a harmonious working relationship between companies. Combined Property and conducive to a harmonious working unity, the unity in favor of labor productivity into full play. Combining the traditional Confucian system resources, it is beneficial for joint property right system to process smoothly in the enterprise management.This article discusses the public ownership system based on the realization of joint ownership, joint ownership make a public joint-stock paradigm, the public sector profit-sharing united ownership of property rights model and the united ownership of property rights paradigm of the labor of three forms of the unity, analyze the different characteristics of the three paradigms, and introduce the specific operational procedures. Joint ownership of property right system is an effective forms of property rights which is beneficial to the fully realization and development of socialist system , to the overall interests of the labor unity to gain the protection of property rights system under the conditions of public ownership, to the Self-improvement of the socialist system of ownership and to the transformation of Non-public ownership economy to a socialist economic .The establishment of united ownership of property rights system is to deepen the inevitable trend of forms of property rights. Similarly, in the harsh conditions of resource constraints, the united ownership of private enterprise labor relations system is the rational choice of treatment. It discusses the Private enterprise to unite the property system to realize the form, analyzed the Private enterprise to unite the property right joint stock system model, the Private enterprise to unite the property right bonus plan model and the united property right work unity property right model characteristic, proposed the corresponding implementation plan proposed the corresponding implementation. The United Property Rights system of Private enterprise can favorably give full play to the productivity of the labor unity. United ownership of property rights theory of institutional change in China business law theories, forms of united property system of property rights theory of Marxism in China’s specific application is to solve the " Xiao-Ping ’s consideration" of the effective way to co-workers collective rich system of protection.更多还原