【作者】 石时态；

【导师】 江必新；

【作者基本信息】 湘潭大学 ， 诉讼法学， 2010， 博士

【摘要】 西方有法谚说,“执行乃法律之终局和果实”,“法律之效力贵在执行”。民事执行,是实现生效法律文书的重要途径,是解决民事纷争的最终环节,是法律实现的重要形式。然而,在当今中国,“执行难”和“执行乱”因严重阻碍司法权威的树立、破坏法治信念的生成和影响公民权益的保障,已成为全社会关注的重大法律难题。执行乱象的发生与恶化,与执行权定性错误、配置不合理有着直接的关系。故此,对民事执行权配置相关问题进行系统分析,深入研究和理性探讨,就显得非常必要和紧迫,并且其重大的现实意义和理论价值自不待言。本质法律属性的揭示是民事执行权科学合理配置的前提和基础,因为不同性质的权力有着不同的组织原则要求和内在运行机理。民事执行权是国家民事执行机关依法强制义务人履行生效法律文书确定的义务,以实现债权人债权的国家公权力,其性质为行政性权力,内容包含执行实施权和执行中程序性事项的裁决权。根据民事执行权分配的先后序次和行使权力主体的不同,将民事执行权的配置分为宏观配置、中观配置和微观配置。宏观配置是指国家将民事执行权配置给国家立法、行政、审判、检察机关中的某个国家机关；中观配置是指享有民事执行权的国家机关将民事执行权配置给该机关的某个机构；微观配置是指享有民事执行权的民事执行机构将民事执行权细化,分配给所属民事执行部门。在对民事执行权配置时,应当遵循符合国情、公正高效、权力制约等基本原则。在宏观配置上,将民事执行权配置给人民法院,符合权力配置的基本理论,符合中国历史传统和域外国家、地区的通行做法,也是宏观配置多种模式的最佳选择。民事执行权配置给人民法院后,应加强权力对权力、权利对权力、程序对权力的监督制约,确保民事执行权公正、高效、权威运行。在中观配置上,应整合人民法院已有的执行局与司法警察机构,在人民法院设立执行警务局,行使民事执行实施权和对执行中程序性事项的裁决权。执行警务局按行政性机构定位、设计、运行和管理,归口同级人民法院,但不属人民法院的内设机构,具有相对独立性。执行警务局与同级法院、执行警务局上下级之间实行“归口法院,双重领导”的体制。执行警务局主要行使执行立案权、执行命令权、执行措施施行权、异议复议裁决权、处罚决定权、司法警务权、事务管理权等七项权力。同时,在人民法院增设与民事审判庭、刑事审判庭、行政审判庭并列的执行审判庭,专门处理民事执行程序中的实体性争议。执行审判庭具有对执行程序中实体争议的审判权和对非诉行政执行、仲裁裁决执行、公证债权文书执行、变更追加执行主体的审查权等六个方面的职权。在微观配置上,在执行警务局内设立执行实施、执行裁决、司法警务、综合管理等四个执行部门。同时,将执行警务局人员的身份全部警察化,并严格实行准入、选任、培训、管理、奖惩等制度。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the western legal maxims say, execution is the end and fruit of the law, and the effectiveness of the law lies in its enforcement. Civil execution is not only the important approach to implement the effective judgments and the laws, but also the final step to settle civil disputes. However, the difficulties and disorders in execution which impede the establishment of judicial authority, destroy the faith of rule of law, and influence the safeguard of citizen’s right, have become China’s significant legal problems concerned by the whole community. The happening and worsening of disorders in execution is related to the inaccurate definition of the nature of execution and improper allocation of execution. Therefore it’s necessary and urging to do systematic analysis, research and discussion of the allocation of civil execution power, which is of realistic importance and theoretic value.As different kind of power has different organization principle and internal operation mechanism, the disclosure of the legal nature of civil execution power is the precondition and basis of scientific allocation of civil execution power. Civil execution power is a public power of the state with which the civil execution agency can force the obligor to fulfill the obligation according to the effective legal documents and realize the creditor’s right. The nature of civil execution power is a kind of administrative power, and it includes the power to carry out execution and the power to adjudicate the procedural matters. According to the order of allocation and the subject exercising the power, civil execution power allocation can be classified into macro allocation, meso allocation and micro allocation. Macro allocation means the civil execution power is allocated by the state to some government organ among legislative, administrative and judicial organs. Meso allocation means the organ that has the power of civil execution allocates the power to some internal organization. Micro allocation means the organization that has the power of civil execution decomposes and allocates the power to its subordinate department. Allocation of civil execution power should follow the basic principal of according to the state reality, justice, efficiency and restriction of powersFor macro allocation, allocating civil execution power to people’s courts not only conforms with the basic theory of power allocation, but also conforms with Chinese historical tradition and foreign countries’ common practices, which is also the best chose of various modes of macro allocation. As the civil execution power is allocated to the courts, restrict and supervision of power to power, rights to power, procedure to power should be strengthened to ensure the operation of civil execution power justly, effectively and authoritatively.For meso allocation, Execution Bureau and Judicial Police Division should be integrated to Executive Police Bureau to carry out execution and adjudicate the procedural matters. Executive Police Bureau is oriented, designed, operated and managed as an administrative organization. It’s under the management of the people’s court at the same levels and subordinated to the dual leadership of the court and the higher bureau. With some relative independence, Executive Police Bureau is not the internal organ of the court. Executive Police Bureau carries the power of executive case filing, executive order, executive measure enforcement, objection reconsideration adjudication, punishment decision, judicial police matter and affair management. At the same time, Executive Division should be established which is at the same level of the civil division, criminal and administrative division, to handle the substantive dispute of civil execution procedure. Executive Division has the power of trying the substantive dispute in executive procedure, nonlitigious administrative execution, arbitration verdict execution, notarization creditor’s right document execution and alterant and supplemental subject review.For micro allocation, four internal functional departments should be set up to take charge of execution, adjudication, judicial police affairs and the management. Meanwhile, the personnel in Executive Police Bureau should be police. Strict access, appointment, training, management, encouragement and punishment of polices should be carried out.更多还原