【作者】 黄福喜；

【导师】 陈洪德；

【作者基本信息】 成都理工大学 ， 沉积学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 论文以现代沉积学、层序地层学、古生物学、石油地质学和构造地质学以及板块构造和活动论为指导,按照“构造控盆→盆控层序控相→层序与相控成藏要素”的整体思路,以反映盆地整体特性的构造-层序(二级层序)为基础,以反映盆地充填格架的层序地层(三级层序)为单元,以反映层序沉积充填过程的层序结构、体系域叠置方式(四级以上层序)和相带分布规律为剖析对象,采用钻井与露头剖面观察、地层与层序地层划分与对比、分析化验数据分析和地球物理资料解释等多种方法相结合,对中上扬子克拉通盆地沉积层序充填过程进行了分析、建立了沉积演化模式,并探讨了层序充填格架中成藏要素的发育特征、分布规律及其控制因素。取得主要新认识如下:1.根据前人对克拉通盆地的分类成果,结合中上扬子克拉通盆地的个性特征,提出克拉通的三级分类方案:Ⅰ级分类按板块构造位置分、Ⅱ级分类结合盆地的动力学成因划分、Ⅲ级分类根据层序沉积建造类型细分。并将中上扬子震旦纪-中三叠世克拉通演化过程划分为四个阶段:震旦纪-早奥陶世早期(第Ⅰ阶段)、早奥陶世晚期-志留纪(第Ⅱ阶段)、泥盆纪-石炭纪(第Ⅲ阶段)、二叠纪-中三叠世(第Ⅳ阶段)。2.以构造-层序岩相古地理为指导,采用“优势相”编图方法,补充新资料、新认识,在前期研究成果基础上,对构造-层序古地理进行修编,加强了研究区主要烃源岩、储集层、礁滩和膏盐岩等油气成藏物质分布特征的表现。分析认为,横向上,中上扬子沉积域包括两部分:中上扬子克拉通内盆地和克拉通边缘盆地。纵向上,加里东期的整体古地理面貌,在都匀运动前为西高东低的平缓台地为主的沉积体系,后期,因川中、黔中与雪峰等古隆起抬升,形成受古隆起分割、围限的陆棚为主的沉积体系;海西期中上扬子克拉通主体隆升、边缘裂陷沉积,即中部高边缘低,海水由边缘向克拉通内部渐进侵入,沉积体系受深大断裂、海平面变化与古地貌等因素控制,以陆棚-台地-盆地体系为主;三叠纪时期,以安县运动为分界,结束了海相克拉通盆地演化阶段,进入陆相前陆盆地与坳陷盆地演化阶段。3.通过层序结构、叠加样式与沉积相分布规律等时空变化特征分析,揭示构造-层序充填演化过程及其控制因素。认为各种控制因素(包括基底构造特征、构造运动、深大断裂、古隆起、古地理背景、相对海平面变化、古气候和古纬度,以及区域构造特征等)通过对层序沉积充填的边界条件、古地理背景、沉积环境、物源性质、层序结构和叠加样式等方面的影响来控制层序发育,因此各因素的控制作用因时因地而异,从而导致构造-层序沉积充填的差异性。4.对研究区不同演化阶段具有代表性的几种典型克拉通盆地(克拉通内裂陷碳酸盐岩型盆地、克拉通内坳陷碎屑岩型盆地、克拉通边缘裂陷碳酸盐岩型盆地与克拉通边缘裂陷-克拉通内裂陷-坳陷碳酸盐岩型盆地)的沉积充填过程与特征进行剖析,认为同时期不同类型的盆地,以及同类型盆地在不同时期,其层序充填、演化过程与控制因素存在明显差异。5.基于盆地演化阶段、沉积格局、沉积充填特征与层序发育控制因素等方面考虑,将中上扬子震旦纪-中三叠世克拉通盆地的沉积演化阶段划分为两大旋回共7个阶段,建立了各沉积演化阶段的综合沉积模式,从模式特征、演化过程、控制因素以及油气地质意义等方面综合对比了中上扬子克拉通盆地沉积演化模式的差异性。6.开展了中上扬子克拉通盆地层序格架中的主要油气成藏要素(生烃物质、储烃物质、封盖物质与礁滩地质体和膏盐岩地质体等)研究,对各成藏要素在层序格架中的发育特征、分布规律和控制因素进行分析和探讨。认为:(1)中上扬子地区震旦纪-古生界层序格架中的成烃物质聚集分布规律主要受构造背景、盆地性质、古气候、古地理以及沉积环境等因素控制,与各种成因引起的海平面上升的关系密切,并且总是聚集分布于低能缺氧环境。纵向上,发育多套烃源岩,并选择性地集中发育于海侵体系域以及沉积旋回的中下部;横向上,层序格架内海相烃源岩在各地区差异保存,烃源岩Ⅰ级有利区主要分布川东-鄂西、桂北-黔南以及四川盆地的广大地区。(2)层序格架中的高能沉积环境、岩溶区和有利的成岩环境,以及构造复合作用是形成优质储层的主控条件。储层的发育与全球二级海平面升降旋回中的高位期具有明显的一致性;同时,二级海平面旋回中的三级海侵旋回也为有利区域性储层发育的层位。海退旋回的晚期有利于古岩溶型的碳酸盐岩储层发育,而海侵旋回的初期-早期,有利于台地边缘或台内滨外滩的碳酸盐岩储层发育。(3)礁滩类储层的控制因素分为礁滩形成发育方面的控制因素和储层物性方面的控制因素,它们分别控制储层的宏观分布特征与微观储集性能。早寒武世沧浪铺期滩体主要分布在扬子地区北缘保康地区,以及从云南永善,经贵州金沙、川东彭水至湖北宜昌一线的广大地区;川东北地区长兴组-嘉陵江组发育礁滩组合,主要呈带状分布于台地边缘,台内浅滩也比较发育。(4)膏盐岩作为特殊地质体,其发育和分布受海平面变化、沉积环境、古气候、沉积速度和沉降速度,以及后期构造作用等因素控制。按封盖作用由强到弱的分布规律是:①中-下三叠统膏盐岩分布最广,在上扬子的四川盆地广泛分布,中扬子的当阳和沉湖地区也有分布;②中-下寒武统膏盐岩主要分布在四川盆地西南部-黔西北地区和川东南地区;③上震旦统灯影组封盖层主要分布在川西南-黔西北地区;④下石炭统蒸发岩零星分布,仅主要分布在湘中地区。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the guidance of modern sedimentology, sequence stratigraphy, paleontology, petroleum geology, structural geology and the theories of plate tectonics and activity , in accordance with the general idea of“tectonic-controlled basin→basin-controlled sequence and facies→sequence and facies -controlled reservoiring elements”, and based on the tectonic-sequence (second-order sequence) that indicates the overall characteristics of basin, the sequence stratigraphy (third-order sequence) that indicates the filling framework of basin is taken as the research unit. Meanwhile, the sequence configuration, superimposed modes (above fourth-order sequence) and the distribution pattern of facies belts are taken as the research objects, besides that some combined methods including drilling, exposure and profile observations, classification and correlation of stratigraphy and sequence stratigraphy, assay data analysis and geophysical data interpretation are used. Accordingly, the filling process of sedimentary sequence of Middle-Upper Yangtze cratonic basins are analyzed, besides that the sedimentary and evolutionary modes are built, and the development characteristics, distribution pattern and controlling factors of accumulation factors of filling framework of sequence are discussed. The main new achievements are as follows:1. According to the previous results and the personality traits of the middle-upper Yangtze cratonic basins,the three-levels classification scheme of cratonic basin is proposed. It means that theⅠlevel basin classification is classified according to the plate tectonic position, theⅡlevel classification according to the dynamic origin of basin, and theⅢlevel detailed classification according to the building types of sequence deposition. And the evolution process of Middle-upper Yangtze cratonic during Sinian to middle Triassic period is divided into four stages that are the Sinian to the early Ordovician early(PhaseⅠ), the late early Ordovician to Silurian(PhaseⅡ),the Devonian to Carboniferous(PhaseⅢ) and the Permian to middle Triassic(PhaseⅣ).2. With the guidance of tectonic stratigraphic paleogeographic, and according to the compiling method of advantaged sedimentary facies, also based on the previous research achievements, the tectonic sequence paleogeographic maps were revised with new materials and understanding, on which the distribution features of hydrocarbon accumulation material, such as the main source rocks, reservoir, reef-beach and anointed halite, etc. were strengthened. Analyzed that on transverse distribution the sedimentary domain of middle-upper Yangtze included two parts that were intercratonic basin and pericrationic basin. On Vertical distribution, taking DouYun movement as dividing line during Caledonian stage, prior to it the overall paleogeographic outlook were west high and east low with the main sedimentary system of gently platform,and after it the overall paleogeographic outlook were segmented and restircted shelf sedimentary system by tectonic uplifling of central Sichuan uplify,central Guizhou uplift and Xuefeng uplift and so on. During Hercynian stage, the overall paleogeographic outlook were central high and edge low as a result of most regions uplifted and rim crack trapped and accept deposits where seawater gradually invaded from the edge to the internal in middle-upper Yangze craton. And the main sedimentary environment were shelf- platform- basin system that was controlled by the factors of deep faults, sea-level changes and paleogeomorphology etc. To the Triassic period, this evolutionary stages of marine craton basin were over due to the Anxian movement, in the meanwhile entered into the new evolutionary stages of continental foreland basin and downwarped basin.3.According to analyze the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the stratigraphic structure, systems tracts superposition style and sedimentary facies distribution, the filling evolution process of tectonic stratigraphic and its control factors are brought to light.The opinions are that various control factors including basal tectonic characteristics, tectonic movement and deep fault, ancient uplift, paleogeographic background, relative sea-level changes, ancient climate and ancient latitude, and regional tectonic characteristics, etc. controlled the stratigraphy development by the influence of the filling conditions of sequence,such as paleogeographic background, sedimentary environment, provenance properties, sequence configuration and superposition style and so on. So the controlling function of various factors change in different times or different areas which leads to the differences of the filling process of tectonic sequence4. Based on the analysis of the process and characteristics of sedimentary filling about several typical craton basins in different evolutionary stages of the researched areas,which include the carbonate rock type of intracratonic rift basin, clastic rock type intracratonic sag basin, carbonate rock type cratonic margin rift basin and the intracratonic rift to sag basin. Conclusion is that the sequence filling, evolution and control factors of the different types of basins at the same period and the same type basin at different times are significantly different.5. Based on various consideration about basin evolutionary stages, sedimentary structure, sedimentary filling characteristic and the stratigraphic development control factors, the sedimentary evolution of the middle-upper Yangtze cratonic basins during Sinian to middle Triassic can be divided into two sedimentary cycles and a total of seven sedimentary stages.And its comprehensive depositional pattern about each sedimentary evolution stage are established. Furthermore, the differences of the sedimentary evolution model of the middle-upper Yangtze cratonic basins were comprehensive compared on the aspects of characteristics, evolution process, control factors and petroleum geological significance, etc6.After launched the researches of the major hydrocarbon accumulation elements,such as hydrocarbon generating material,storing material and sealing material, reef - beach geological body and gypsum rock,and the analysis of the development characteristic, distribution and control factors in the sequence stratigraphic framework of the middle-upper Yangtze cratonic basins, views are as folloes. (1)The aggregation and distribution of hydrocarbon substances in the sequence framework of middle-upper Yangtze during Sinian to Paleozonic were controled by tectonic setting, basin properties, paleoclimate, paleogeography and depositional environment and other factors,and have a close relationship with sea level rise caused by a variety of factors, and always accumulated and distributed in low-energy anoxic environment. On vertical distribution,multiple sets of source rocks developed and selectively concentrated developed in the transgressive systems tract and the middle-lower sedimentary cycle. On transverse distribution , marine hydrocarbon source rocks differently preserved in stratigraphic framework of various regions. The high quality source rocks mainly distributed from eastern Sichuan to western Hubei,northern Guangxi to southern Guizhou and the large areas of Sichuan basin.(2)High-energy depositional environment, karst area,favorable diagenetic environment and the combined effects of Structure in the sequence framework were the master conditions of the forming of high quality reservoirs. Reservoir development has obvious consistency with high water system tract in the second cycles of global sea level; Meanwhile, the third cycles of transgression in the level 2 sea-level cycles were beneficial to the development of regional reservoir. And the late regression cycles were conducive to the development of ancient carbonate karst reservoir. While the initial to early transgressive cycles were conducive to the carbonate reservoirs of platform edge, or the offshore beach within platform.(3)The controlling factors of reef-beach reservoir are divided into the developmental control factors of reef-beach formation and the reservoir physical properties that are respectively control the macro- reservoir distribution and the micro-reservoir properties. According to analysis found that the beach in Canglangpuan stage of early Cambrian are mainly distributed in BaoKang regions, northern Yangtze and distuibuted in a vast area from Yongshan, Yunnan to Jinsha,Guizhou,and Pengshui,Eastern Sichuan to Yichang,Hubei. In addition, the reef-beach combination from Changxing group to the jialing group in the northeast of sichuan are mainly as zonal distributed in the platform edge. And the inner platform shoals are also relatively development.(4)The gypsum as a special geological rock that its development and distribution were influenced by many factors, such as sea-level changes, sedimentary environment, climate, deposition rate,settling velocity and post-tectonic, etc. According to the block function from strong to weak, the distribution rules are as follows:①The lower - middle Triassic gypsum rocks are most widely distributed in the vast areas of Sichuan basin,and from DangYang to ChenHu region,Hebei Province;②The lower - middle Cambrian gypsum rocks are mainly distributed in the southwestern sichuan basin to northwest guizhou and southeast sichuan as well;③Sealing layer in the Dengying group of the upper Sinian are mainly distributed in the southwest Sichuan to northwest guizhou;④The evaporation rocks of the lower Carboniferous are sporadically distributed,and only mainly in the central Hunan.更多还原