产业集聚、空间分布与就业

【作者】 张雄；

【导师】 黄荣清；

【作者基本信息】 首都经济贸易大学 ， 劳动经济学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 作为一种经济现象,产业集聚从古就有,如景德镇的陶瓷业。景德镇生产瓷器的历史源远流长,从唐代开始。在宋代由宋真宗将年号景德赐给景德镇,之后历经元、明、清三代,成为“天下窑器所聚”的全国制瓷中心。改革开放三十多年,三大经济区形成了众多具有现代化特征的产业集聚区。这些集聚区吸引了劳动力、资金和先进技术等重要发展因素,也形成了区域范围上的产业分布和就业分布。作为我国经济发展的重要引擎,三大经济区的经济发展对于我国的经济发展有着重要的现实意义。本文利用获取的相关数据,比较和分析了三大经济区的经济发展情况。在此基础上,以2008年的第二次经济普查的截面数据为材料,通过简单的实证模型计量分析了产业集聚与就业之间的关系。计量分析结果表明,无论是第二产业还是第三产业,三大经济区的产业集聚对于就业来说,都有着正向的促进作用；同时发现三大经济区的第二产业的回归系数大于第三产业的回归系数,即传统的劳动密集型产业的产业集聚更加吸引劳动力集中。这意味着能通过鼓励和扶持产业集聚这种经济组织形式,在一定程度上促进就业。利用2008年的第二次经济普查数据,从细分行业和分地区的角度,比较和分析了三大经济区的从业人员的地域分布状况。在最后的实证部分,利用2008年第二次经济普查数据,运用综合区位商测算了三大经济区的产业集聚度,最后用建立的截面模型分析了产业集聚与劳动生产率之间的关系。实证分析结果揭示,像人力资本、技术因素和人均资本等因素对劳动生产率的影响为正向作用,符合研究预期；至于就业密度对劳动生产率的影响,三大经济区的第二产业显现出负向作用,而三大经济区的第三产业的就业密度对劳动生产率则是正向作用,这说明三大经济区的第二产业经过改革三十多年的发展,已开始显露出“拥挤效应”。作为本文分析的重点,三大经济区的产业集聚对于劳动生产率有着正向的作用,与综述部分的实证研究相一致,这意味着我国还能够通过产业的集聚提高劳动生产率,第三产业比第二产业更能获得这种集聚效应,分地区而言,京津冀地区获得的集聚效应最大,其次是长三角地区和珠三角地区。针对本文的实证研究结论,文章最后提出了一些针对性的政策建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an economic phenomenon, there is the ancient industrial clustering, such as the Jingdezhen ceramics. Long history of Jingdezhen porcelain production, began in the Tang Dynasty, reigning in the Song Dynasty.The Song Emperor——Song zhenzong gave the title of his reign to Jingdezhen, which, through the development of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, became the national porcelain center as "the world control the kiln together," After thirty years of reform and opening up, the three major economic zones form a large area of industrial clustering with modern features. These gathering areas attract labor, capital, advanced technology and other important development factors. Consequently, industrial and employment distributions on the regional scope come into being as well. As an important engine of economic development, the economic development of the three major economic zones is of significance for China’s economic development.In this paper, it makes a comparison and an analysis of the three major economic zones of economic development from the relevant data. On that basis, from the second economic census data in 2008, it makes a quantitative analysis for the relations of industrial agglomeration and employment by a simple empirical model. Measurement results show that for either the secondary industry or the tertiary industry, industrial agglomeration of the three major economic zones have a positive role in promoting employment; furthermore, it found that the regression coefficient of secondary industry of the three major economic zones is greater than that of the tertiary industry, namely the traditional labor-intensive industries’industrial agglomeration attracts labor concentration more. That means that we can promote employment by encouraging and supporting the economic organization form of the industrial agglomeration, to a certain extent. Using the second economic census data in 2008, by the perspective of sub-sectors and sub-regional perspective, it makes comparison and analysis of the three major economic zones of the geographical distribution of practitioners.In the final empirical part, we have measured the industrial concentration degree of the three major economic zones, by using the second economic census data in 2008 and the integrated location quotient. At last, with the establishment of the cross-sectional model, we have analyzed the relationship between industrial agglomeration and labor productivity. The empirical results reveal that, factors like human capital, technical factors, per capita capital and others have positive effects on labor productivity, which is in line with the research expectations; As for the impact of employment density on labor productivity, the secondary industry of the three major economic zones, shows negative effects, while the tertiary industry plays a positive role. This indicates that the second industry of the three major economic zones has begun to reveal the "crowding effect" after thirty years of reform and development. As the focus of this analysis, the industrial clustering of three major economic zones has a positive effect on labor productivity, which is consistent with the empirical research in the review part. It means that China has the potential to improve labor productivity through industrial agglomeration, and the tertiary industry has better access to such industrial clustering effect than the second. In terms of sub-regions, the combined effects of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei province get the most, followed by the Yangtze River Delta region and Perl River Delta region. For empirical research findings, the article concludes with some specific policy recommendations.更多还原