中国体育产业的集聚与集群化发展研究（1994-2010）

【作者】 宋昱；

【导师】 邹玉玲；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 体育人文社会学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 2008年以来愈演愈烈的金融危机对体育产业的冲击很大,中国体育产业的发展也面临严峻的挑战。体育产业的集聚与集群化发展,是优化区域体育产业结构、提升体育产业国际竞争力的必然选择；通过企业和要素的集聚协作与集群化跃升,将十分有利于体育产业要素资源的优化配置和合理流动,并大大提升中国体育产业的品牌扩张能力。通过文献综述、基础理论回顾和核心概念辨析,找出拟研究的体育产业重点子产业领域,遴选典型的集群化发展案例,分析其产生和发展的原因与过程,总结其发展的经验与问题,思考对应的发展策略,是研究的基本思路。以产业集聚和产业集群理论为基础,运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、案例分析法、比较分析法等方法,提出了体育产业集群化发展的理论假设,涉及集聚形成的机理与动力、影响因素与发展阶段、集聚向集群转变的必然性、集群的周期性、集群化发展的社会价值等问题；指出了体育产业集聚与集群化发展的两个研究重点——体育用品业集群化与体育服务业集群化。进而,分析了两个重点产业领域的典型集聚案例,指出了二者的发展状况与差异；通过探索美国体育产业集群化发展的思路与实践,为中国体育产业的集群化发展提供了经验。依据上述案例分析和比较研究,总结了中国体育产业集群化发展的问题；分析了金融危机冲击和网络技术普及背景下体育产业集群化面临的挑战与契机,提出了体育产业的虚拟化集群构想。总结研究过程与内容,得出如下主要结论：第一,中国体育产业的集聚与集群化发展进程,是一个从分散到集聚、从集聚到集群的演化升级过程,存在着集聚阶段性和集群周期性；第二,中国体育产业的集聚与集群化发展,不仅是一个单纯的经济增长和产业发展过程,也是一个不断创造社会价值的过程；第三,体育用品业和体育服务业的集聚与集群化存在较为明显的差异性；第四,中国体育产业的集群化面临一些问题：区域体育产业集群化发展的不平衡；政府与市场的利益博弈；要素根植性差,区域体育产业链尚不完整；第五,中国体育产业的集群化发展面临激烈的国际竞争和复杂的经济背景,同时,又具备良好的技术升级和产业转移契机,通过技术创新和制度革新,有望实现更高层次的集群可持续发展；第六,虚拟体育产业集群是中国体育产业集群化发展的崭新机遇,通过虚拟化的集群运作模式,可以更大限度地降低集群运营成本,提升集群的国际竞争力,同时规避商业风险；第七,提出了中国体育产业集聚与集群化发展的策略：加强政府引导、培育市场主体,走职业化与市场化发展之路；注重体育产业集群化发展的规划,避免产业结构趋同的风险；以园区建设为抓手,培育特色区域体育产业集群；以体育赛事推介城市品牌,形成区域性体育产业核心城市；拓展“虚拟体育产业集群”发展路径,抓住集群发展的新契机。更多还原

【Abstract】 The gigantic financial crisis in 2008 had large impact to Chinese sports industry which also faces serious challenges. The development of sporting industry cluster and industry agglomeration is the inevitable choice to optimize the industrial structure and promote the international competitiveness of the sports industry. The agglomerating cooperation and clustering rise between enterprises and the elements would be favourable for optimizing and disposing the elements and resources and for their reasonable flow, and meanwhile promoting the expansion capability of Chinese sports industry brand.In this paper, we summarize and state relevant documents, review basic theories and discrimine core concepts to find the important son industry area of sports industry, and choose some typical cluster development cases, then analyse its cause and the process of production and development, furthermore, summarize the exeperience and problems, finally consider the development strategies, which above are the basic logics.On the basis of the theories of industry agglomeration and industry cluster and using such methods as literature information and logical analysis, case study and comparative analysis and so on,the paper proposes the theory assumption of sports industry cluster development refering to its mechanism and power, influence factors and development stages, the inevitable fact of agglomeration going further to cluster, cluster period and social values of clusters, then points out two keys of studying sports industry agglomeration and industry cluster-sporting goods cluster and sporting service cluster, moreover analyses some typical cases of above two industry areas to get their development situation and the differences,lastly find the experiences for Chinese sports industry by exploring American development thinkings and practices of sports industry cluster.Based on the above case studies and research, we make conclusions about the problems of Chinese sports industry cluster development and presentes the idea of virtual cluster in the sports industry by analysing the challenges and opportunities after the financial crisis and in the background of network technology education.Summarizing the study process and content, we can get some major conclusions. First, the development of Chinese sports industry agglomeration and cluster is such a process which has experienced the evolution and ugrade from scatter to agglomeration and from agglomeration to cluster. It has the stages of agglomeration and period of cluster. Second, Chinese’s sports industry agglomeration and cluster development is not only a purely economic growth and its development process, but also an ongoing process of creating social values.Third, there is clearly differences between sporting goods industry and sporting service industry regarding their agglomeration and cluster development. Forth, the cluster development of Chinese sports industry is still faced with some problems such as the unbalance of sport industry cluster in different areas, the distribution of profits between the government and market, the not perfection of building industry chain in areas.Fifth, when China’s sports industry cluster development is faced with fierce international competition and complex economic backdrop, it also has good opportunities for technology upgrading and industrial transfer. Through technical innovation and institutional innovation, China’s sports industry is also expected to achieve higher level of sustainable development of clusters. Sixth, virtual sports industry cluster is the new opportunity to develop Chinese sports industry cluster. Through the virtual assemblage of operational mode, we can more effectively reduce the operating costs, promote the international competitiveness and avoid commercial risk.Finally,we present the future development strategiess:first, strengthening the guiding role of the government, cultivating market objects and choosing the way of professional and market-oriented development;second, paying attention to the development plannings of the sports industry cluster and eluding the risks of the similar industrial structures;third, nuturing special area clusters through park construction; forth,promoting city brands in sporting events and forming regional sports industry core cities; fifth,explanding the development path of"virtual sports industry cluster" and catching new chances of Cluster development.更多还原