《三国志演义》早期文本研究

【作者】 闵庚旭；

【导师】 章培恒；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 元明清文学， 2009， 博士

【摘要】 《三国志演义》嘉靖壬午本与葉逢春本被大部分学者公认为现存版本中最为接近《三国志演义》元祖本的文本。但至於此二本之先後问题以及各自的成书年代问题,有关学界一直存在争论。本稿以此二本之文本为研究对象,主要利用语言分析与引书考证二种方法以试图解决以上二大关键问题。同时,对《三国志演义》元祖本的重要特徵——其创作方法及语言与引书方面的特点——进行探讨。本稿中具体的分析与考证见於第二章与第三章,其主要内容如下：第二章嘉靖壬午本与葉逢春本的文本比对之壹：语言分析主要依靠二本演义中巽体字用法及其统计数据进行语言分析。比如,在“元”与“原”、“交”与“教”、“箇”与“个”及“個”、“裹”与“里”以及“裡1”与“裡2”等几组異体字用法方面,二本演义之间出现明顯差異。得助于传统校勘学及近代汉语语言学的研究成果,我们已对以上几组重要異体字用法的出现时期与顺序有了一定的了解。据此,本稿推测二本演义的先後关系与大致的成书年代。与此同时,仍然按照传统校勘学的方式进行若干词彙考证。本稿讨论的所有语言证据皆表明,葉逢春本的大部分文字大致反映较嘉靖壬午本更为早期的语言面貌。第三章嘉靖壬午本与藁逢春本的文本比对之贰：引书考证主要根据二本演义所引史害之间的異文及一种书——《三国志》——的历代異文进行引书考证。基於二本演义所引史书之间的異文,本稿初步确定《三国志演义》元祖本引书种类与其引用上的若干特点。与此同时,根据二本演义引文中的《三国志》历代異文,试图推测各自文本引用《三团志》的先後顺序及其具体时期。本稿进行的所有文献引用考证皆表明,嘉靖壬午本明顯为《三国志演义》明代修订文本,葉逢春本则大致保留《三国志演义》元祖本的引文特徵。限於目前的证据而言,《三国志演义》原本大概以同时参考《三国志》与《资治通鑑纲目》二书的方式结构全书的情节。《三国志演义》原本大概在明代分化为二种文本系统。其中,一种文本系统曾经主要根据另一种《三国志》文本对其底本的引文进行徹底修補,並且增加其它史书中有关三国故事的文字。同时,它亦对其底本的绝大部分文字进行嚴重的更改,使得其文本在词彙以及異字用法上更为符合常时的语言规範。此文本便是嘉靖壬午本的底本。另一种文本系统,由於通过漫长时间並经过不少传抄,产生极大数量的误、改字,但此类系统貌似始终保留元祖本的大致面貌,对其文本未作嚴重的修改。此本既仍保留其原本之古拙语言——文字与祠彙方面,又对其原本所引之史书古異文未作修正。此文本便是葉逢春本的底本。鑒于以上分析与考證,本稿认为《三国志演义》元祖本大概成书於明代初期。或者貌,在元代初步完成的《三国志演义》原本到明初经过大番修改之後成为元祖本——即现存所有版本的母本。以上结论与以往大部分研究者推测的内容基本上完全一致,本稿根据若干语言统计与文献实例来再次证明先行诸研究的结论。本稿的创新点如下：第一.分析先行诸研究的特点,並吸取其优点——即以统计的方式可以计量化、且方法论上相对科学的证据。第二.试图将校勘学与近代汉语学应用於《三国志演义》研究。第三.试图将《三国志》文献学应用於《三国志演义》研究。本稿初步确定二本演义的先後问题,並为嘉靖壬午本成书年代的时间上限的问题提供若干线索。以後需要增加有关证据的数量以确定葉逢春本成书年代的时间下限。更多还原

【Abstract】 The so-called "1522 Jiajing" edition and the 1548 Ye Fengchun ed ition are regarded as the closest among the currently existing versio ns to the master copy("the mother version of all the current existin g versions") of Sanguozhi Yanyi ("The Romances of the Three Kingdoms") by most scholars today. But as far as the time relation and separate finishing year of the two versions are concerned, there are still di sputes in the scholar circle. This thesis studies these two versions and uses language analysis and textual research, trying to reveal the two key issues mentioned above. The thesis, at the same time, inquir es into the key features of the master copy of Sanguozhi Yanyi, which are writing methods and language as well as quoting traits.ChapterⅡandⅢhold the analysis and textual research, the mai n idea are as follows.ChapterⅡ:Comparison between the Jiajing edition and the Ye Feng chun edition——language analysis.ChapterⅡ’s analysis are mainly by variant characters used in th e two different editions and their statistic data. These pairs of var iant characters show obvious difference in two editions. Thanks to th e research foundings of traditional Textual Criticism and Early-Moder n-Chinese linguistics, we have known something about their appearing time of the several important pairs of variant characters. Therefore, this thesis predicts the time relation and roughly finishing year of the two versions. At the same time, the thesis still applies traditi onal Textual Criticism to textual research of some words and expressi ons. All the language evidence the thesis looks into proves that the most of words the Ye Fengchun version used are earlier than the Jiaji ng version.ChapterⅢ:Comparison between the Jiajing edi tion and the Ye Fengchun edition——textual research on citations from other books.ChapterⅢ’s research are mainly according to 1)variant text that the two versions quoted separately from other books and 2)variant text of different Sanguozhi("Annals of the Three Kingdoms") editions throughout the years that the two versions quoted separately. Based on the variant text the two versions quoted from history books, the thesis has preliminarily confirmed the quoting quantity and its quoting traits of the master copy of Sanguozhi Yanyi. Meanwhile, it is trying to predict the quoting time of two versions according to the variant text of the separative citations from Sanguozhi. All the textual research on citations from other books the thesis looks into proves that the Jiajing edition obviously is the revised version of Sanguozhi Yanyi in Ming dynasty, and the Ye Fengchun version mainly keeps the quoting traits of Sanguozhi Yanyi’ s original text("urtext"). Limited to current evidence, the original version of Sanguozhi Yanyi may referring to Sanguozhi and Zizhitongjian Gangmu to structure its scenario.The original text of Sanguozhi Yanyi may have developed into two textual system in Ming dynasty. Of which, one system had a thorough modification on its base version’s quotes according to another edition of Sanguozhi, and also added other stories from different history books. At the same time, it has also changed most of the words and expressions to match the current language syntax. This version is the base of Jiajing edition.Another textual system produces big numbers of mistakes and revisions due to long-time hand written copies. But this kind of system seems like keeping the master copy’s main text, without serious changes on the main text. The version not only keeps the ancient language of original version——its words and phrases, but also keeps the ancient and variant text quoted from history books of original version. This version is the base of Ye Fengchun version.Upon the above analysis and textual research, the thesis concludes the master copy of Sanguozhi Yanyi should have finished in the early Ming dynasty. In another words, the original text of Sanguozhi Yanyi, which was drafted in the Yuan dynasty, became the master copy after lots of revisions in the early Ming dynasty. All the above conclusions are in line with most researcher’s hypothesis. This thesis using language statistics and textual verifications further proves the previous researcher’s conclusion.Creative points of this thesis are as below:1) Analyse the characteristics of previous studies and withdraw th eir advantages——searching for the decisive proof by statistic mea surement.2) Try applying Textual Criticism and Early-Modern-Chinese linguis tics to the study of Sanguozhi Yanyi.3) Try applying the study of Sanguozhi to the study of Sanguozhi Y anyi. The thesis has preliminarily confirmed the two version’s time relation and provides some clues for the earlist finishing year of Jiajing version. It is hoped that more evidence will be found to solve the problem of the latest finishing year of Ye Fengchun version.更多还原