当代中国集体主义模式演进研究

【作者】 刘波；

【导师】 邱柏生；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 思想政治教育， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 对于集体主义的研究,往往是从个体与共同体、集体的基本关系入手,并在与“个人主义”的对比中进行研究的。个体与共同体、集体基本关系的不同假设成了不同理论派别的逻辑起点,各个流派的理论就体现在由个体与集体两极关系而组成的学术谱系之中。传统对集体主义的研究主要局限在伦理道德和政治哲学的题域,将集体主义看作是道德原则,看作一套观念体系。本文也采用多学科的视角来看待集体主义,在此视域中,集体主义首先是一种信仰体系,它坚持集体本位的价值取向,主张公共善与个人善有机统一的道德原则,强调以个人与集体、社会关系辩证发展为基础的集体本位理念。但是,集集体主义本身又不仅仅是一种道德原则,一种精神性的观念体系,而且是存在于社会中的经济、政治、道德等诸多领域,作为信仰体系的集体主义既要有它的社会基础和制度保障,同时它也有具体的经济制度、政治制度、文化制度形式。第二章从个体、集体与自由的关系,从集体主义的道德原则、集体主义的制度形式、集体主义的心理结构、集体主义的组织形态、集体主义的行动方式等角度进行文献资料的梳理,得出“集体主义的结构化”这一命题,即集体主义在人类社会的产生、发展、变迁过程,是一个集体主义的内在结构不断变化发展的过程。集体主义的结构化是一个动态的过程,结构化与去结构化构成集体主义发展的内在方式。基于人类历史上集体主义发展的大体趋势与内在逻辑,本文提出集体主义模式的三个重要划分标准：理论化程度、制度化程度、组织化程度。传统社会共同体大多都是自然的共同体,集体主义是自然朴素的集体主义。从传统社会向现代社会发展过程中,集体主义发展的重要方面就是从传统自然朴素的集体主义发展为现代的具有更多建构性特征的集体主义。现代社会的集体主义更多地表现为一种非自然特征,即它是在一定理论指导下,人们有意识地建构的结果,在一定意义上我们可以将其看作是被建构的集体主义。现代社会集体主义模式可以分为理念型集体主义、权威型集体主义、自治型集体主义和法理型集体主义。本文认为,当代中国集体主义模式的形成与发展是一个不断地结构化过程,即集体主义模式的内在结构在不断地生成、发展与变迁,从而导致当代中国集体主义模式不断地向前发展。集体主义模式的结构化是一个以行动主体的实践为轴心,通过实践活动不断地创生、发展集体主义要素、结构,从而使得集体主义模式不断演进。集体主义结构化的原则包括利益驱动原则、权力主导原则、目标指向原则、理性化与合理化原则。当代中国集体主义模式结构化过程由其内在矛盾推动,从而将集体主义发展到新的阶段。集体主义结构化的方式包括理论化、符号化、制度化、组织化。当代中国集体主义结构化的具体过程表现为：(1)理念型集体主义在中国的传播、形成与社会化(1914—1951)；权威型集体主义的形成与发展过程(1952—1978)；(3)权威型集体主义的转向过程(1978—1992)；(4)法理型集体主义与自治型集体主义并重发展过程(1992年至今)。在此基础上,本文进一步追问集体主义模式演进的动力结构。当代中国集体主义模式的动力来源包括内在动力和外在动力,内在动力主要基于集体主义内在要素的推动,以及要素间相互作用所形成的结构性矛盾产生的动力。当代中国集体主义模式的动力结构强调以行动主体为中心,集体主义精神、集体制度、集体心理、环境(资源)、集体行动、集体秩序等都是以行动主体的实践为中轴,动力结构包括：不同行动主体以权力、利益为轴心的主体关系,从而形成集体主义的主体结构；环境(资源)与行动主体之间的资源支持与主体改造结构；集体主义精神与行动主体之间所形成的价值引领与价值认同、价值创新的价值互动结构；集体心理与行动主体之间心智模式支持与心理认同的心理结构；行动主体、环境(资源)、集体主义精神、集体制度、集体心理与集体行动、集体秩序之间的行动结构。集体主义的历史类型有原始集体主义、家庭公社集体主义、城邦共同体集体主义、农业公社集体主义、宗法家族集体主义、社会主义集体主义等。当代中国集体主义模式的演进轨迹起始于马克思主义在中国的传播,并形成了当代中国的集体主义精神。从宗法家族集体主义向社会主义集体主义的演进过程,经历了民主革命对宗法家族集体主义的解构,社会主义革命时期集体主义价值统合与集体化运动,以及人民公社时期集体制度内嵌与调适。文化大革命对权威型集体主义的极端化促进,强化了集体主义的集权性特征。改革开放后“包产到户”的生产责任制的建立对计划经济下权威型集体主义产生了根本冲击。社会主义市场经济的发展促进了国家与社会的分离,集体主义在此过程中不断地分化与整合。改革开放后,当代中国集体主义模式的发展应朝着以价值理念创新为先导,以个人权利为起点,以现代制度建制为核心,以集体自治为基础,以宏观整合为调节机制的方向发展。在当代中国集体主义模式的演进轨迹基础上,本文进一步追问它演进的动力机制。当代中国集体主义模式演进的动力机制,是各个要素之间在相互作用过程中,如何克服其发展中的障碍,促进当代中国集体主义模式不断向前发展,这些动力机制包括：集体主义精神、心理与行为的转化机制,集体制度运作机制,集体组织发展机制等。更多还原

【Abstract】 Generally, the way we research collectivism is from the relationship between individual, community and collective. Moreover, we are used to comparing the difference between individualism and collectivism in this procedure. The different assumptions of the basic relationship between individual, community and collective are the logical starting point of different theory factions. Their theories are reflected in the academic pedigree which formed by the relationship between individual and collective poles. Traditional study of collectivism has been limited in Ethics and Political Philosophy area. The researchers regarded collectivism as moral principle or a suit of conceptual system.This dissertation tries to analyze collectivism in multi-disciplinary perspective. In this Perspective, collectivism, first and foremost, is a belief system. It holds the collective-based value tropism, upholds moral principle which public good and individual good are organic unity, and stresses dialectical development of the individual and the collective. However, the set of collectivism itself is not just a moral principle, a kind of spiritual belief systems. It also exists in the society’s economic, political, moral and many other fields. As a belief system, collectivism should not only have its Social infrastructure and system security, but it also has specific economic system, political system and cultural system.In chapter 2, I sort out the related literature review. The main contents include the following aspects, such as individual, collective and freedom, the moral principle of collectivism, the institutional form of it, the psychological structure of it, the organization pattern of it, and the action mode of it. At last, I draw a conclusion that is "the structuration of collectivism". The production, development and change process of collectivism in the human society is the development and change in the internal structure of collectivism. The structural course of collectivism is a dynamic process. The course of structural process and destructural process is the internal way of collectivism development.Based on the current and internal logic of the development of collectivism in human history, I suggest that there are three criterions in assessing collectivism: theorized degree, systematized degree and organized degree. Most Communities in traditional society were natural. And collectivism was also natural. In the process of development from traditional society to modern society, the important aspect in the development of collectivism is from natural collectivism to modern collectivism which is more constructive characters. Collectivism in modern society manifests non-natural character. It is the result of initiative construct by people under some theory guidance. In a certain sense, it is identified as a kind of constructed collectivism. There are four modes of collectivism in modern society:the theoretical collectivism, the authoritative collectivism, the autonomous collectivism and the collectivism of law.This dissertation insists that the formation and development of collectivism in contemporary China is a constant structural process. The internal structure of the collectivism mode is creating, developing and changing constantly, which then boosts the collectivism in contemporary China endlessly. The structural process of collectivism mode is a course in which the integral parts and structure of collectivism are created and developed by actors’constant practice. There are four principles in structural process of collectivism:benefit-driving principle, power-directing principle, goal-directing principle and theorization and rationalization principle. The structural process of collectivism in contemporary China is promoted to new phase by its internal conflicts. The structural methods of collectivism mode include theorizing, symbolizing, systematizing, and organizing process. The specific process of collectivism mode in contemporary China shows:(1) Theoretical collectivism’s propagation, formation and socialization in China (1914-1951); (2) The forming and developing process of authoritative collectivism in China (1952-1978); (3) The transforming process of authoritative collectivism (1978-1992); (4) The synchronic developing process of autonomous collectivism and collectivism of law (1992 to now).Further more, the dissertation continues to explore the dynamic structure of the evolution of collectivism mode. It contains internal dynamic and outer one. The internal dynamic is mainly pushed by collectivism’s internal elements and the power produced by structural conflict from their interaction. The dynamic structure of collectivism mode in contemporary China emphasizes the actors are in the central. The practice of actors is the central axis for the collective spirit, the collective system, collective psychology, the environment (resources), collective action and collective order. The dynamic structure includes five aspects:First, different actors’ subject relationship based on the power and benefits forms the subject structure of collectivism; Second, the structure of resource support and actors alteration occurs between circumstance (resource) and actors; Third, the value interaction structure is produced by the value lead, values identity, value innovation between collectivism sprit and actors; Fourth, the psychology structure of mentality mode support and psychology indentify is formed from the collective psychology and actors; Fifth, the action structure comes from the actors, circumstance (resource), collectivism spirit, collective system, collective psychology, collective action and collective order.The historical types of collectivism include:original collectivism, family community collectivism, city-state community collectivism, agriculture community collectivism, patriarchal collectivism and socialism collectivism. The historical track of collectivism mode in contemporary China stemmed from the Marxism propagated in China. Moreover, contemporary Chinese collectivism sprit was engendered in this process. The progress from patriarchal collectivism to socialism collectivism had suffered the deconstruction of democratic revolution to patriarchal collectivism, the collectivism value combination and collectivization in the period of socialism revolution, the collective institution embedded internally and adjustment in the commune period. The Cultural Revolution extremely promoted the development of authoritative collectivism, strengthening its authoritative feature. After reform and opening up, the production responsibility system of "household responsibility system" had a fundamental impact on the authoritative collectivism of the planned economy. The development of socialism market economy promotes the separation between the state and society. In this progress collectivism had constantly differentiation and integration. After reform and opening up, the direction of collectivism mode in contemporary China ought to be the value innovation as the guide, individual right as the starting point, modern system as the core, collective autonomy as the basis, and macroscopic conformity as adjust mechanism.Based on the above, the dissertation keeps on exploring its dynamic mechanism. The dynamic mechanism of collectivism mode in contemporary China is the way how every element affects each other, overcomes hinders, and promotes the development of collectivism mode constantly. The mechanisms include:the transformation mechanism between collectivism spirit, psychology and behavior, the operating mechanism of collective institution and the development mechanism of collective organization.更多还原