【作者】 汪舒明；

【导师】 徐以骅；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 国际政治， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 基于记忆的观念和情感,影响相关群体界定自身身份和利益,塑造社会政治行为的意愿,并为社会政治运动提供意义架构和动员的工具。因此,集体记忆在政治中存在战略性价值。在全球化和民主化的时代,集体记忆以话语政治的形式广泛渗入软权力的争夺之中。政治家和活动家也经常对集体记忆加以利用甚至滥用,以推进其自身的社会政治议程。20世纪60年代开始在美国兴起的大屠杀记忆,以一种“忆恶(纳粹主义)颂善(美国信条)”的方式,成为宣扬美国优越论的重要工具,也成为美国犹太人以及更广泛的美国社会塑造和表达美国认同的重要途径。一方面,它塑造了一种关于犹太民族遭受“史无前例的”独特劫难的霸权性话语,并赋予其历史上最大受难者的角色。此种历史受难感,使美国犹太人的犹太民族认同极大增强,并形成一种以群体生存为内核的“公民犹太教”。另一方面,它界定了美国不同群体在大屠杀中的历史责任和权利：基督教因其历史上的“轻蔑教导”以及现实中大量基督徒在大屠杀中的协从,而须部分承担大屠杀的连带罪责；美国政府在犹太人遭受劫难时冷漠旁观,因此成为道义上须受谴责的“冷漠旁观者”。大屠杀及其留下的记忆,从根本上改变了犹太人和基督徒之间道义资本的分配,以及互动交往的方式。美国主流社会对犹太人充满愧疚和同情,决心与过去决裂而改过自新,他们对犹太人已经多少丧失了道义批判的勇气,而且在很大程度上产生了补偿意愿。而力量已经变得强大的犹太人,则因为悲情记忆而充满恐惧,愤懑不平,并要求为历史上的冤屈获得补偿,而且时刻准备对来自任何地方的危险做出非常强烈且决绝的反应。由此,大屠杀记忆在美国造就了一个强大、内聚、富有战斗精神的亲以色列政治势力,而且还获得了许多基督徒的同情和支持。另外,大屠杀记忆还为亲以势力提供了意义架构和动员的象征及工具,提供了用以压制对以批判的强大舆论武器：“反犹主义”标签。大屠杀记忆,还因其善恶分明的特性,成为推动20世纪末期以来美国积极卷入人权外交,尤其反对“种族灭绝”的意义架构和动员工具。从90年代“人道主义干预”理念和实践的不断发展,再到21世纪初反种族灭绝倡议网络和草根运动在美国的初步形成,大屠杀记忆成为美国重新改造世界秩序和国际规范以实现“美国治下的和平”的重要动力之一。更多还原

【Abstract】 Those norms and emotions based on memories help groups to define their own identities and interests, to shape their will to participate in social-political movements, and to provide them instruments of framing and mobilization. Therefore, collective memories could have strategic values in politics. In a world of globalization and democratization, they could be involved in the contests of soft power. Moreover, politicians and activists frequently use and even abuse them to advance their agendas.In terms of memorizing the evil of the Nazi and magnifying the superiority of American creed, Holocaust memory, which arisen in American culture since the 1960s, has become an important propaganda instrument to express America’s self-superiority, and also an important way to shape and express their American identity for the Jews in American and even more general American society. On the one hand, the Holocaust memory helps to construct the hegemonic rhetoric that Jewish people suffered’unprecedented’and’particular’tragedy, and to concede them the most suffered in the human history. It is this feeling of ever suffering that made American Jews greatly strengthen their Jewish identity and build a new kind of "Civil Judaism" with collective survival as its core creed. On the other hand, the Holocaust memory makes clear different historical responsibilities and rights of different groups in the Holocaust:Christians should assume some of the related guilt and responsibility because of the "the teaching of contempt" to Jewish people in the long history and many of its members’collaboration (with Nazi) in the Holocaust; American government should be morally accused as "indifferent bystander" because of its indifference during the suffering of Jewish people.The Holocaust and its memory has fundamentally changed the way of mutual intercourse and the distribution of moral capital between Christians and Jews. Mainstream society of America have been filled with so much regret and empathy to Jewish people that they have decided to break from the past and start with a clean slate, that they have lost certain moral courage to criticize Jews. While Jewish people, who now have become more powerful, are calling for compensation for the historical injustice, fear and resent in their mind, and prepared to react fiercely and decidedly to dangers from anywhere. Thus, the Holocaust memory helps to construct powerful, cohesive pro-Israeli political interest groups in U.S., which have also gained empathy and support from many Christians. The Holocaust memory has provided pro-Israeli groups not only the instruments and symbols of framing and mobilization, but also a powerful rhetorical weapon to protect Israel from criticizing, that is, the label of ’anti-semitism’. For its character of clear division between good and evil, the Holocaust memory has become an instrument of framing and mobilization for America to promote human rights diplomacy, especially anti-genocide, since the end of 20th century. From the evolvement of the norms and practice of’humanitarian intervention’during 1990s, to emergence of anti-genocide advocacy network and grass-roots movement at the beginning of 21st century, the Holocaust memory has been one of the most important impetuses for America to reshape the world order and international norms.更多还原