现代汉语句末语气词意义研究

【作者】 金智妍；

【导师】 戴耀晶；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 现代汉语语言学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 语气词是表达现代汉语各种语气的重要手段之一,根据句子中的位置可分为句末语气词和句中语气词。本文认为表达一定语气意义的是句末语气词,主要选择了实际使用中频率较高的五个句末语气词“啊”、“吧”、“呢”、“吗”、“嘛”,运用了语义学、语用学、认知语言学等理论,探讨了它们在不同句类和若干结构句式中表达的意义和功能。全文共分八章。第一章是引言,第二章是现代汉语语气系统和语气表达手段的研究述评,第三章至第七章分别是句末语气词“啊”、“吧”、“呢”、“吗”、“嘛”的意义分析,第八章是结语。各章的主要内容如下：第一章是引言。主要说明问题的提出、研究的对象和范围、研究的目的和方法以及语料料的来源。第二章是现代汉语语气系统的研究评述。主要涉及三个方面的内容：(一)语气和情态的概念。介绍西方语言学界和现代汉语语法学界对语气和情态的看法,指出它们的异同点和其产生原因,确定了现代汉语中语气的概念；(二)现代汉语语气系统。简要概括现代汉语语气系统的研究成果,并介绍现代汉语语气的表达手段；(三)现代汉语语气词。结合以往研究的成果,介绍语气词名称、性质、分类、功能以及它在汉语语气系统中的位置。第三章讨论句末语气词“啊”的意义。“啊”可以用于陈述句、疑问句、祈使句的末尾,其核心意义是说话人的反预期意义。“啊”表达的反预期是指,它所依附的那句话所表达的命题出乎说话人意料。从这个核心意义衍生出8个意义子项,在大部分的句类末尾“啊”都表达说话人的反预期,并强烈要求对方的呼应。这就表明说话人有很强主观性。而用于具有宣告意义的说明性陈述句、言语行为性陈述句、部分正反问句末尾的“啊”已经脱去了反预期的性质,仅保留由反预期引发的强烈要求听话人呼应的意味。由于句末带“啊”的句子常常表达赞赏、震惊、嘲弄、感叹等强烈感情,但这都是“啊”的反预期意义跟语境结合而成的结果,“啊”并不是感叹标记。“啊”只能表示说话人对命题内容或听话人的态度,对句子本身表达的意义并没有产生影响。句末语气词“啊”表示说话人对听话人或命题内容的态度,是表态语气词,同时具有较强的表情功能。第四章讨论句末语气词“吧”的意义。句末语气词“吧”可以用于陈述句、疑问句、祈使句的末尾,其核心意义是说话人的“疑”。“吧”表示说话人对句子命题内容不是很有把握,需要对方的证实,从这个核心意义衍生出5个意义子项。根据使用环境(?)说话人的目的,说话人的“疑”从对自己判断的“疑”演变为对自己行为或对自己要求的“疑”,随着这一变化,说话人要求的对方证实也变成对方的允许或对方的认同。但是同意性陈述句末尾的“吧”不要求对方的允许或认同,只表示说话人的勉强同意,是因为说话人的“疑”针对自己的行动,这不可能要求对方允许。“吧”一般不能用于特指问句、正反问句、选择问句的末尾,而有时出现在这三类疑问句的末尾表示特殊的祈使意义,要求对方回答,有加强语气的作用。句末语气词“吧”表示说话人的态度,是表态语气词,在祈使句中有一定表意作用。第五章讨论句末语气词“呢”的意义。句末语气词“呢”可以用于陈述句、疑问句的末尾,其核心意义是信息的提供。根据提供信息的对象的不同,“呢”可分成“呢1”和“呢2”。用于陈述句末尾的“呢1”表示说话人认为句子的命题内容为真,常常跟“还”、“才”等副词共现表达说话人的主观态度。用于特指问句、选择问句、正反问句末尾的“呢2”表达说话人要求听话人提供与句子内容有关的信息。“呢2”只是加强疑问的语气,对特指问句没有产生任何影响,不是疑问语气词。“呢2”表达的是说话人对有关问题有一定了解,就带有深究意味。“呢1”和“呢2”有异有同,两者的共同点是一方提供信息,不同点是提供信息的对象不同。但不管如何,句末语气词“呢”主要表示信息的提供,所以“呢”不能像“吧”那样用于祈使句。因为祈使句中一般没有信息提供关系.因此,“呢”是表意语气第六章讨论句末语气词“吗”的意义。句末语气词“吗”的核心意义是询问,是典型的疑问语气词,指它所依附的那句话所表达的命题做不出判断,需要对方证实。“吗”一般不表示说话人的倾向性,但与一些句式和词语配合使用可以表达说话人的倾向性。“不…吗”句式常常用于反诘问句表达说话人对命题内容的否定,“对吗”“是吗”、“不行吗”、焦点标记词“是”、“真(是)”等表示说话人对命题内容的肯定或否定倾向性。但是表示倾向性程度的是一些句式和词语,“吗”本身并不表示说话入的倾向性,只表达询问,都要求对方证实。由于“吗”要求信息,“吗”是表意语气词。第七章讨论句末语气词“嘛”的意义。句末语气词“嘛”可以用于陈述句、是非问句、特指问句、祈使句的末尾,它的核心意义是说话人的亲昵关系。根据使用环境和说话人的目的,从“嘛”的核心意义中衍生出多种不同语气,如要求正相回应、指责、说话人的感慨,但基本上都表示一种友好、亲切的气氛。句末带“嘛”的祈使句表示祈使扭曲,即一方面强调亲昵关系,另一方面加重祈使意味,于是,句末带“嘛”祈使句数量较少。“NP+嘛”句式具有会话含义,需要听话人一定的推理能力,该句式中“嘛”表达说话人表明NP是用于某种说明或评价的。总的来看,“嘛”表达说话人对听话人的态度,是表态语气词。第八章是结语。主要归纳、整理本文的研究内容和主要论点,并指出了本文研究中存在的不足和今后要深入研究的问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 In modern Chinese language, modal particles are one of the most important ways to reflect the mood or attitude of the addresser. According to its position in the sentence modal particles can be classified into two categories, namely, the one at the end and that in the middle of a sentence. This thesis presents the consideration that modal particles appearing at the end of a sentence can convey some mood, and the discussion on the meanings and functions expressed by those modal particles in different sorts of sentence types from the perspectives of semantics, pragmatics and cognitive linguistics (subjectivity), by research for modal particles that are frequently used in actual life, such as“a啊”,“ba吧”,“ne呢”,“ma吗”,“ma嘛”The thesis contains eight chapters. Chapter 1 is introductory one; Chapter 2 is the review of modern Chinese mood system and mood expression skills. Chapters from 3 to 7 are mainly about meaning analysis of sentence-end modal particles of“a啊”,“ba吧”,“ne呢”,“ma吗”,“ma嘛”Chapter 8 is conclusion. The primary contents of all chapters are summarized respectively in the following:Chapter 1 Introduction. Briefly introduced the issue of problems, Research objects and scope, Research Objectives and method, and the source of information or data.Chapter 2 remarks on modern Chinese mood system. Primarily three aspects are concerned:(1) The concept of mood and modality. An introduction of the western linguists’ and modern Chinese grammar scholars’ view toward mood and modality indicates similarities and differences between them and the reasons, then define the concept of mood of modern Chinese language. (2) Modern Chinese Mood System. This part briefly summarizes research achievements on Modern Chinese Mood System Mood System and introduces mood expression skills in Modern Chinese. (3) Modern Chinese modal particles. With prior research achievements, this part attempts to explain the name, property, classification, function and position of the Chinese modal particles. Chapter 3 is mainly about the meaning analysis of sentence-end modal particle“a啊”.“a啊”can be used at the end of declarative a sentence, interrogative sentence and an imperative sentence, the core meaning of which expresses the addressor’s anti-anticipation. Anti-anticipation means that the proposition in the“a啊”attached sentence is beyond the addressor’s expectation. Derive from the core meaning there are eight sub-meaning items. Most of the sentences ended with“a啊”express the addressor’s anti-anticipation and a strong demand for a response from the addressee. This demonstrates“a啊”indicates the highly subjective addressor. Yet“a啊”at the end of the declarative sentence with partial explanation or verbal behavior and of yes-no interrogative does not convey the meaning of the anti-anticipation. Therefore it reserves the certain meaning of demanding addressee’s response insinuated from anti-anticipation in Since the sentences end with“a啊”usually express the strong emotion of appreciation, astonishment, mockery, and exclamation, yet it is the reflection of combination of context and the core meaning of "a啊”,So“a啊”is not a sign of exclamation at all. It merely intent to express the view towards the content of a proposition or attitude of the addressee, and has nothing to do with the original meaning of the sentence itself. Therefore, sentence-end modal particle“a啊”indicates the attitude of the addressor toward the addressee or proposition while it also plays a role as an expression modal particle that has more intensive expressive function.Chapter 4 mainly discusses the meaning of the sentence-end modal particle“ba吧”which can be used in the end of declarative sentences, yes-or-no interrogations, and imperative sentences, the core meaning of which is’Uncertainty’. Specifically,“ba吧”refers to the uncertainty of the content of a proposition that requires confirmation from the addressor. There are four sub-meaning items derived from the core meaning. According to various context and the intention of addressor, the uncertainty of the addressor over his or her judgement is changed into that over his or her own act or demand, in this case the meaning of requiring confirmation then turns to the admission or agreement of the addressee. However“ba吧”at the end of an assertive statement does not mean the allowance or approval, only expresses a reluctant agreement of the addressor, since the uncertainty of the addressor aims at his or her own act it is impossible to ask an approval from the addressee. In general“ba吧”can not be used at the end of definite questions, yes-no interrogatives and alternative questions, but when it appears in the sentences above, it assumes imperative meaning and requests the addressee to respond, which emphasizes the mood. Therefore,“ba吧”,a sentence final modal particle, represents the attitude of the addressor and has the specific attitudinal functions in imperative sentencesChapter 5 mainly discusses the meaning of the sentence-endmodal particle“ne呢”which can be used in the end of all declarative sentences and interrogative sentences. The core meaning of which is mainly about the supply of information. Sentence-endmodal particle“ne呢”can be classified into“ne呢Ⅰ”and“ne呢Ⅱ”according to the object to which the information supply“ne呢Ⅰ”appearing at the end of declarative sentences and interrogative sentences indicates that the proposition is true, and usually co-exists with“hai还”,“cai才”and some other adverbs to express the Subjective attitude of the addressor“ne呢Ⅱ”appearing at the end of specific interrogations, alternative interrogations, A-not-A interrogations indicates that the addressor requires the addressee to provide the relevant information of the sentence. While“ne呢Ⅱ”merely emphasizes the mood of query and has no influence on generation of a interrogation. It just indicates that the addressor should have some realization of the relevant issues, meaning search or quest, it’s an inquiring modal particle not an interrogative one“ne呢Ⅰ”and“ne呢Ⅱ”are similar in that one provides information and also dissimilar in that the informer is different. However, Sentence-endmodal particle“ne呢”merely about the supply of information. So“ne呢”is different from "ba吧”,which can be used in imperative sentence cause there is no information supply in it. Therefore,“ne呢”is an ideographic modal particle.Chapter 6 mainly discusses the meaning of the sentence-end modal particle“ma吗”which is a typical interrogative modal particle. The core meaning of“ma吗”is Query, which refers to do not give out judgment to the proposition, and requires confirmation of the addressee. Generally, "ma吗" does not indicate the inclination of addressor, instead when co-exists with some specific sentence pattern or words.’‘不…吗”used in a rhetorical question means the addressor denies the proposition, while“对吗”、“是吗”、“不行吗”、focus marker“是”、“真(是)”convey the meaning of the affirmation or negation of the proposition。The inclination indicated in yes-no interrogatives ended with“ma吗”can be classified into five grades according to their certainty, yet the inclination depends on the sentence pattern and expressions since“ma吗”itself does not mean this. It merely indicates query. Whether the addressor indicates inclination or not, it requires the confirmation of the addressee. Therefore,“ma吗”is an ideographic modal particle.Chapter 7 mainly discusses the meaning of the sentence-end modal particle“ma嘛”which can be used in the end of declarative sentences, yes-or-no interrogations, specific interrogations and imperative sentences, the core meaning of which indicates the intimate relationship between speakers. There are three sub items derived from the core meaning. According to context and the intention of the speaker,“ma嘛”displays various tones including affirmative response, disapproval or sentiment while it basically alludes a friendly and cordial atmosphere. The imperative sentence ended with“ma嘛”indicates imperative reversion. Because It’s a phenomenon seldom appeared whether it is a degradable state or a wilful indulgence, so imperative sentences ended with“ma嘛”are always in small number. Sentence pattern“NP+嘛”possesses the implication of response that requires some logical power of the addressee to understand it well“ma嘛”in this type of sentence pattern indicates that NP is used to express a certain kind of explanation or judgment. Therefore,“ma嘛”is a commentary modal particle. Chapter 8 Conclusion. It is primarily to generalize the main content and viewpoints of the thesis, and points out the deficiency and subjects that need further exploration.更多还原