公共利益论

【作者】 杨立春；

【导师】 严法善；

【作者基本信息】 复旦大学 ， 政治经济学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 公共利益是一个极为宽泛的概念,至今尚未形成被广泛认可的定义,法律对公共利益的涵义和覆盖范围一直缺乏清晰界定。虽然存在定义的困难,但公共利益却是现实存在的。公共利益之所以成为公共利益,在于其作为满足人的需要的对象是一种公共产品,是一种具有非竞争性和非排他性的物品；公共利益从根本意义上说,是一种蕴含着人的社会性和物的非排他性与非竞争性的利益。因此,公共物品在很大程度上体现了公共利益。无论何种社会,均是在公共产品的生产、供给过程中体现公共利益。在这一前提下,通过研究公共产品的提供过程,可以展开对公共利益实现途径的研究。公共利益的实现依赖于公共利益的有效配置,而公共利益配置的最主要手段,就是公共产品的生产与供给。因此,公共产品与服务的供给是公共利益分配的最主要内容,要实现公共利益的有效配置,就必须保证公共产品的供给和需求相匹配,正因为如此,本文将研究重点置于公共产品的供给方面。本文在广泛阅读已有文献的基础上,利用国内外已有的理论,结合本文的研究需要,分析我国公共利益配置失衡的问题,从公共利益配置的主要途径——公共产品的供给出发,对我国当前公共利益配置失衡的情况进行考察,从公共产品供给和需求主体的利益博弈研究中,探讨公共利益未能达到配置背后的原因,分析我国公共利益管理机制上存在的不足；结合经济学者对利益研究和博弈论的分析方法,构建公共管理者的效用函数,建立利益博弈的数学模型,分析不同管理者的激励机制,揭示激励机制不足导致相关主体对公共利益分配和使用可能危害和负面后果；最后从宏观战略、财政体制、公共产品供给模式三方面,提出实现我国公共利益有效配置的政策建议。主要结论包括：第一,有关公共利益的来源与实现的结论。核心观点是公共利益的实现在于公共利益得到有效配置,而卓有成效的公共产品提供制度安排是公共利益得以实现的重要前提。公共管理的目的是为了实现公共利益,公共管理必须依靠政府的参与,即由政府征税来提供公共产品。但政府供给由于存在效率等诸多问题,还需要私人供给、非政府组织供给作为补充。第二,有关中国地方公共产品供给失衡的特征事实的主要结论。核心观点是认为中国地方公共产品供给失衡不仅有区域性特征,而且还存在结构性失衡,并据此对中国地方公共产品供给失衡进行了分类,并分别对两种类型公共利益配置失衡进行了概括。进一步研究了中国公共产品具有收入效应和消费效应,运用数据进行了实证检验加以证实,所以中国地方公共产品供给失衡存在福利效应损失,说明了当前增加收入的新途径和扩大内需的新路径都在于地方公共产品供给水平的提升。第三,有关中国地方公共利益配置失衡的微观动因的结论。核心观点就是利益主体之间的博弈是中国地方公共产品供给失衡的内在动因。通过运用城乡压力集团模型说明了城乡供给失衡；通过委托-代理模型、集体行动模型和公共选择模型分析了公共利益配置结构性失衡。这些模型的核心就是城乡利益群体、中央政府、基层政府和民众三者之间的利益博弈导致了中国公共利益配置失衡,由此,要改变中国地方公公共利益配置失衡不仅需要国家战略方向的转变,还要改变基层政府的政绩考核体制,塑造新的激励与约束机制。若仅仅强调加大对基层的财政投入,只能缓解当前的公共利益配置失衡现象,却无法形成稳定的长效机制。第四,有关中国公共利益均衡配置的制度安排的结论。核心观点是中国公共利益要实现均衡配置是一项系统的工程,不仅需要提供机制的改革,更需要从发展策略、政府职能和财政机制、公共利益配置机制三方面进行体制转型。宏观上战略转型,实现城乡均衡发展战略、区域均衡发展战略和政府主导的均衡发展战略,实施政府转型,实现以公共产品为核心的政绩考核制度；要构建公共产品型财政体制,实现各级政府之间的合理分工、财政支出结构转向公共产品和财政转移支付体系的完善；公共产品提供模式上由单中心模式向多中心模式转变,提供机制由基层政府为主体提升为以中央、省级政府为主体,构建农民的利益表达机制和公众参与机制以及实行公共产品提供的问责制；从而形成一整套推进中国地方公共产品均衡供给的政策建议与措施。更多还原

【Abstract】 Public interest has a very broad concept, we still have no widely accepted definition, the legal meaning of public interest and coverage has been the lack of clearly defined. Despite difficulties in definition, but the public interest is real. The reason why the public interest as public interest in their meet people’s needs as the object is a public good, is a kind of non-competitive and non-exclusive items; public interest from a fundamental sense, is a person contains the social and material non-exclusive and non-competitive interests. Therefore, public goods to a large extent reflects the public interest. No matter what kind of society, both in the production of public goods, the supply process reflects the public interest. In this context, the provision of public goods through research process, you can achieve a more smooth way of achieving the public interest.Public interest depends on the public interests of the effective allocation and the public interests of the most main means, configuration is the production and supply of public products. Therefore, the supply of public products and services is the most main public interest distribution, to realize the content efficient allocation of public interest, it must ensure public product supply and to match demand, because of this, this paper will examine the supply of public products in focus.Based on the existing literature reading extensively at home and abroad on the basis of the theory of using existing, combining the need, analyses the problems of public interests misallocation, from the main way of public interests configuration of the supply of public products-based on our current public interests, the misallocation investigation, from public products supply and demand in the subject of interest game, this paper studied public interest failed to reach the reasons behind the allocation of public interests, analyzes the shortcomings of the management mechanism; According to economic research and game theory to benefit scholars analysis methods of constructing public managers, the utility function, establish interest gambling mathematical model, analyze the different managers incentive mechanism, reveals inadequate incentive mechanism for the public interest related subject distribution and use could harm and negative consequences; Finally from the macroscopic strategic, financial system, public products supply mode, and puts forward three aspects of China to realize efficient allocation of public interest policy recommendations. The main conclusions include:First, the source of relevant public interests and implementation of the conclusion. The core view is the realization of the public interest lies in the public interest to obtain effective allocation and the effective public products provide system arrangement to the realization of public interest is an important premise. Public management goal is to realize the public interests, and public management must rely on the government’s participation, namely tax by the government to provide public products. But the government supplies because it has many problems, such as efficiency, but also need the personal supplies, non-governmental organizations supply as a supplement.Second, the relevant local characteristics of unbalanced supplies the main conclusion facts.The viewpoint is that China’s local public products supply imbalances have not only the regional characteristics, and still exist structural imbalance, accordingly the local public products supply imbalances are classified and respectively on two types of public interests misallocation are summarized. Further studied Chinese public products have income effect and consumption effect, empirically analysed by using the data, so China confirmed by local public products supply imbalances exist the welfare effect loss, showing the new ways to increase income and expanding domestic demand new path lies in local public products supply level of ascension.Third, the relevant local public products supply imbalances microscopic affects its conclusion. The core idea is the game between interests subject is Chinese local public products supply of the internal imbalance. Through the application of model to illustrate the urban and rural pressure group urban and rural supply imbalances; Through the principal-agent model, collective action model and public choice model to analyze the structure of the public product supply imbalances. The core is the model of urban-rural benefit groups, the central government, grassroots governments and people of interest game between and among the country in public interest, therefore, misallocation to change China local public products supply imbalances needs not only national strategy, but also change the direction of change the examinational system basic unit government, shaping new motivation and restraint mechanism. If merely emphasizes the increase of grassroots financial investment, can alleviate the current public products supply imbalances, but can’t form a stable long-term mechanism.Fourth, the relevant Chinese public benefits balanced the configuration of the institutional arrangements of the conclusion. Core viewpoint is China public interest to achieve balanced configuration is a systematic engineering, not only need to provide mechanism reform, need more from macroscopic strategic, financial system, providing pattern three aspects system transformation. On macroscopic strategic transformation, to realize the balanced development strategy, regional balanced development strategy and the government leading balanced development strategy and implement government transformation, public products as the core to realize the examinational system; To construct public ChanPinXing financial system, realizing rational division between the government at all levels, financial expenditure structure to public products and financial transfer payment system consummation; Public products provide mode by single centers on how center mode to provide a mechanism model changes, by grassroots government as the main body in the central and provincial for ascension as a main body, constructing government farmers’benefit expressing mechanism and public participation mechanism and implement public products provide accountability system; Thus formed a set of promoting Chinese local public products supply policy advice and balanced measures.更多还原